Longitudinal 5 Midterm

Characteristics of a a leader (3)

-create value

-influence

-lead others

Characteristics of a manager (3)

-count value

-power

-manage others

Responsibilities of a leader (3)

-vision

-alignment

-quality

Responsibilities of a manager (3)

-process

-organizing

-quality

Leader's purpose

dealing with change

Manager's purpose

dealing with complexity

Leader's focus (3)

-thinking

-change/innovation

-"doing the right things"

Manager's focus (3)

-doing

-execution/implementation

-"doing things right"

Leader's processes/skills (4)

-formulate visions

-align people

-motivate/inspire

-influence

Manager's processes/skills (4)

-plan projects

-organize people

-monitor process

-problem-solving

Leader's vision

future/longterm

Manager's vision

present/short-term

Leader's daily work

-high-level

-strategic

Manager's daily work

-ground-level

-tactical

Leaders seek to achieve (4)

-change

-newness

-effectiveness

-movement

Managers seek to achieve (4)

-order

-consistency

-efficiency

-stability

Components of "managing up" (3)

-cultivate positive rapport with boss

-adapt to boss's communication style and preferences

-learn bosses management and leadership style

What are the 6 Leadership Styles by Daniel Goleman?

-commanding

-visionary

-affiliative

-democratic

-pacesetting

-coaching

Daniel Goleman: Commanding

"Do this"

-good in crisis

-easily misused

Daniel Goleman: Visionary

"Come with me"

-good for change

-overuse is a concern

Daniel Goleman: Affiliative

People come first

-motivating/healing

-lose trust if not authentic/genuine

Daniel Goleman: Democratic

"What do you think"

-good for consensus

-time consuming

Daniel Goleman: Pacesetting

"Do as I do now"

-quick results from competent team

-can lead to burnout and turnover

Daniel Goleman: Coaching

"Try this"

-help develop strengths

-time consuming

-can fail is recipient not making effort

Autocratic/Authoritarian leadership

Similar to commanding-Direction comes from leader

-not collaborating

-may drive people away

Bureaucratic leadership

Follow the rules/go by the book mentality

-follow procedures precisely

-challenging with flexibility/innovation

Delegating/Laissez Faire leadership

Let the people do as they choose

-little interference

-be available/check in periodically

Servant leadership

People are the priority

-lead by example with generosity

Transactional leadership

Action and reward

-motivate by appealing to follower's interest

Transformational leadership

Transform by being committed to purpose/goal

-motivate others out of their comfort zone

Charismatic leader

Transformational but intention is on themselves

-believe they can do no wrong

What are the 5 steps to develop as a leader?

1. Assess where you are professionally

2. Set an attainable goal

3. Engage in leadership training

4. Interact with your network

5. Hone your soft skills

What to consider when assessing where you are professionally (6)

-strengths

-weaknesses

-workplace tendencies

-your interest

-drivers

-limitations

How to set an attainable goal: PACE

P-pick goal

A-apprise others in inner circle of goal

C-collect ideas on how to improve

E-elicit feedback on how you're doing

Most valued soft-skills (10)

-confidence

-time management

-self-management skills

-friendliness and manners

-ambition

-focus

-common sense

-situational awareness

-enthusiasm and optimism

-empathy

What is Human Resource Management (HRM)?

achieving organizational objectives through the management of people

What is the focus of HRM?

recruitment of, management of, direction and guidance for people who work in an organization

What are the functions of HRM? (7)

-Develop and oversee wellness programs

-Develop, promote, and enforce personnel policies

-Manage job recruitment, selection, and promotion

-Provide orientation programs

-Promote career development and job training

-Provide guidance regarding discipline

-Serve as primary contact for work-site injuries/accidents

What is the Equal Pay Act of 1963?

Prohibits paying a lower rate (all forms of pay) to some employees of the opposite sex who do the same work with the same skill

What are the exceptions of the Equal Pay Act of 1963? (3)

-Seniority system

-Merit system

-Quantity/Quality factors

What is the Pregnancy Act of 1978? (2)

-Offer disability leave for pregnancy on same basis of other temporary disabilities

-Keep employers from forcing women to resign or quit due to pregnancy

What is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? (2)

-Prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

-Prohibits retaliation of employer for complaining about discrimination

What is Title VII responsible for in the workplace? (6)

HR decisions relating to

-hiring

-firing

-promotion

-transfer

-compensation

-admission to training programs

What is sexual harassment?

Unwelcome sexual advances or requests sexual favors

What is quid pro quo sexual harassment?

Sexual harassment where the harasser has the authority over the employee to change the employee's employment status

What is hostile environment sexual harassment?

Sexual content in the workplace including joke, leering, graffiti that create a hostile atmosphere

What is third party harassment?

when someone not associated with the employer sexually harasses an employee

-employer could be held liable

What are some preventative measures that can be taken to limit harassment? (3)

-formal policy statement

-establish 'complaint' procedure

-communicate/train incoming employees

What are some remedial measures that can be taken to handle harassment? (6)

-investigate thoroughly and right away

-separate accuser and accused

-interview others

-maintain confidentiality

-document investigation

-ensure maintenance of rights of both parties

What is the Age Discrimination Act of 1967/1978?

Prohibits job discrimination against workers over 40 years old

-refuse to hire

-discharge

-discriminate salary

What is ageism?

Discrimination on the grounds of a person's age

What is the Family Medical Leave Act?

Requires companies >50 employees to provide qualified employees up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

What are the employee requirements to qualify for Family Medical Leave?(5)

-have worked at least 12 months

-worked at least 1,250 hours during last year

-birth/adoption/foster child

-caring for a spouse, child, parent in serious condition

-own serious health condition

What is the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990?

Gives disabled increased access to services and jobs by prohibiting employers from asking about or making an employment decision based on disability in businesses with 15 or more employees

What are some reasonable accommodations in the pharmacy for employees with disabilities? (7)

-making facilities accessible and usable

-job restructuring

-modified work schedules

-flexible leave policies

-reassignment to a vacant position

-making equipment/devices available

-adjusting exams, training materials, policies

What are the 2 types of job functions?

-Essential job functions

-Marginal job functions

What are marginal job functions?

Functions that may be performed by do not need to be performed by all holders of the job

What are essential job functions?

Fundamentals of the job

What protects an employee by the ADA?

Is the employee can perform essential job functions

What are the 3 conditions employers can fire employees with disabilities?

-termination is unrelated to disability

-employee does not meet legitimate requirements for the job

-because of the disability he or she poses a direct threat to health or safety in the workplace

What is a job description?

Document that tells and employee what is expected for measurement and evaluation

What are the components of a job description? (4)

-title & summary

-primary duties

-qualifications

-working conditions

What topics should be avoided during interviews for legal concerns? (7)

-race/ethnicity/ancestry/descent

-religion

-sex

-sexual orientation

-age

-disability

-political/social memberships

What is unconscious bias?

prejudice or unsupported judgements in favor of or against something that is considered unfair

What is stereotype bias?

judging a book by its cover

What is the halo effect?

cognitive bias where overall impression of a person influences how one feels about their character

-physically attractive people are seen as more intelligent, warmer, with greater social skills

What is the horn effect?

opposite of halo effect

-allowing one weak point influence everything else

What is confirmation bias?

phenomenon where decision makers seek out and assign more weight to evidence that confirms their hypothesis and/or ignore evidence that could disconfirm their hypothesis

What is similarity bias?

occurs when candidates has interests or characteristics that are the same as interviewer and cause interviewer to overlook negative aspects about the candidate

Ways to reduce bias during hiring process (6)

-provide awareness training

-rework job descriptions

-go blind for resume review

-review work sample

-standardize interviews

-consider likability

What are the benefits of employee orientation (4)

-clarify job/define roles

-train

-encourage retention

-set standards/policies

What is performance appraisal?

formal assessment of how well employees are performing their jobs

What is the primary purpose of appraisal?

development

What are the types of appraisal systems?

-absolute

-relative

-outcome-oriented

What are absolute appraisal systems? (7)

-checklist

-graphic

-highly descriptive scales

-employees rate themselves and comparisons are made with rater reviews

-essay

-forced choice

-critical incident

What are relative appraisal systems? (3)

-alternation (select most and least valued employees)

-paired (comparing employees)

-forced distribution (categorize employees into groups)

What are outcome-oriented systems? (2)

-management by objectives

-work standard approaches

What are some do's when conducting appraisal interviews? (4)

-assure development is goal

-show appreciation of success

-be frank and tactful with short comings

-direct criticism at performance not individual

What are some don'ts when conducting appraisal interviews? (4)

-fail to review errors

-dominate conversation

-talk down to employee

-compare employees

What is a third party payer?

entity that is ultimately paying for goods and services

What is a PBM?

contract with the payer to administer benefit

What is a GPO?

Group Purchasing Organization

-smaller members coming together to increase collective purchasing power

What are tier 1&2 drugs?

generics`

What are tier 3 drugs?

preferred brands

What are tier 4 drugs?

non-preferred brands

What are tier 5 drugs?

brand name specialty

What are PBM rebates?

return to third party payer

What are the factors that affect PBM rebates? (6)

-initial cost of med

-competitors

-exclusivity on insurance

-formulary placement

-volume incentives

-market share

How can Wholesaler and PSAO rebates be paid? (4)

-percentage of spend with wholesaler generic

-percentage off WAC of all purchases

-total dollar volume purchase

-specific actual medications purchased

When are rebates paid? (3)

-monthly (mostly)

-quarterly

-yearly

Why do pharmacies want a rebate vs an up-front discount? (3)

-margins are higher

-blind true cost to PBM

-allow performance based contracts

What are narrow networks?

-preferred/exclusive networks that allow less pharmacy choices to bring more business to pharmacies that are contracted

-lower reimbursement

What are broad networks?

-base networks (coupon and discount cards) that almost all pharmacies are contracted

-higher reimbursement

What is the difference between coupons and discount cards? (4)

-coupons cover some or all of copay

-coupons normally billed 2nd

-coupons normally exclude government programs

-discount cards normally used alone

What is the community pharmacy relief act?

changes how PBMS operate and pay pharmacies in Alabama

What does the community pharmacy relief act change? (7)

-mandates independents medicaid rates

-block PBMs from steering patients

-eliminates spread pricing

-equalize PBM reimbursement

-allow any pharmacy to participate in a PBM network

-eliminate fees from credentialing and onerous requirements

-allow pharmacies to deny filling a rx when losing money

What percentage do commercial payers contribute to ambulatory care?

50%

What percentage do federal government payers contribute to ambulatory care? CMS

30%

What percentage do state government payers contribute to ambulatory care?

10%

What is a CPT code?

MTM services