personality psych exam 2

who is credited with ego psychology?

erikson

what is ego psychology?

biological and psychological forces are used to determine personality functioning with a focus on developmental crises

what is the main focus of ego psychology?

develop strong ego identity as a person to resolve crises in developmental process

what is ego defined by erikson?

powerful agency that helps people resolve inner conflicts and environmental challenges and promote health

how many stages of psychosocial development are there?

8

what is epigenetic principle?

the idea that there is a genetic sequence to development that is predetermined and universal

what happens if a person completes the developmental stages of erikson?

results in a healthy personality and basic virtues

what do basic virtues do?

provide strength to resolve subsequent crises

what happens if you do not resolve a stage of development?

cannot further to the next stage, causes development of unhealthy personality and sense of self

what is the oral-sensory stage focused on?

trust v mistrust

what directly impacts the oral-sensory stage?

parenting (think attachment)

babies rely on parents for everything

what is muscular-anal stage focused on?

autonomy v shame/doubt

what do you gain in the muscular-anal stage?

personal control and independence

how does toilet training affect development in toddlers?

forces kids to obey and leads to conflict of wills

what virtue is gained in muscular-anal stage?

will

what virtue is gained in oral-sensory?

hope

what is locomotor-genital stage focused on?

initiative v guilt

describe locomotor-genital stage

assert self through direct play and social interaction

curious about those around them

move more freely

secure in leading others and making decisions

what do you need some degree of in the locomotor-genital stage?

guilt

what virtue is gained in the locomotor-genital stage?

purpose (begin to set new goals and think big)

what is the focus of the latency stage?

industry v inferiority

what virtue is gained in the latency stage?

competence

describe latency stage

focus turn from home to school

peer groups have greater significance and major source of self-esteem

encouraged kids feel confident and competent

unencouraged kids feel inferior and doubt their ability

some failure is needed for modesty

what does the adolescent stage focus on?

identity v role confusion

describe adolescent stage

search for sense of self through personal values, beliefs and goals

find sense of identity

what is identity?

who you are and where you are going (and where not)

identity crisis

developmental turning point

multiple choices in multiple areas

moratorium

time of exploration filled with role confusion, consider goals and alternatives

role confusion

concern about who they are and where they are going

what virtue is gained during the adolescent stage?

fidelity (sense of loyalty and commitment)

what happens if crisis is not resolved in adolescence?

negative identity

scornful and hostile

loyal to those harmful to self

what does young adulthood focus on?

intimacy v isolation

what virtue is gained in young adulthood?

love

describe young adulthood

form intimate/loving relationships

more intimate with others

what is intimacy?

close relationship with others, abide by commitment with compromise and sacrifice

what happens if young adulthood stage is incomplete?

sense of isolation, inability to show true intimacy, loneliness/depression

what does middle adulthood focus on?

generativity v stagnation

what is generativity?

leave your mark through creation or nurturing things that will outlast the person

what is stagnation?

lack productivity, boredom, interpersonal impoverishment

what virtue is gained in middle adulthood?

care

what does late adulthood focus on?

ego integrity v despair

what virtue is gained in late adulthood?

wisdom (empathy, sympathy, compassion)

describe late adulthood

see if one has led a successful life

reflect, reminiscence, recollection

describe integrity v despair

integrity- positive meaning and worth living

despair- fail life and unable to fix mistakes

what are some positives to erikson’s theory?

realistic perspective of personality development

reconceptualize views of middle and late adulthood

many people relate

ties psychosocial development across lifespan

what are some negatives to erikson’s theory?

vague on causes of development

doesnt look at emotional or cognitive aspects

not entirely scientific based

ambiguous terms, incomplete descriptions, doesnt look at gender differences

james marcia

refine/extend erikson’s work

add four identity statuses of psych identity development (focus on adolescents)

identity diffusion (identity status)

lack firm commitment, not actively in crisis

foreclosure (identity status)

never crises but commit to goals, beliefs, values

moratorium (identity status)

crisis and consider alternatives

identity achievement

period of crisis, result in firm commitment

what did jean phinney add to erikson’s theory?

ethical identity

what is ethical identity?

sense of belonging and commitment based on heritage, knowledge, attitude, values

what is bicultural identity?

positive attitude toward own group and the majority group

what did jacob orlofsky add to erikson’s theory?

questions to assess intimacy level

what are the three questions about intimacy?

• - close friendship with male and female friends?

• - have enduring heterosexual relationship?

• - close relationships are deep or superficial?

intimate individuals (intimate relationship)

deep relationship with male and female friends, in an enduring committed hetero relationship

preintimate individuals (intimate relationship)

close emotional ties but ambivalent about committing to enduring love relationship

stereotyped individual (intimate relationship)

many relationships but superficial

pseudointimate individuals (intimate relationship)

relationships lack depth but in enduring hetero commitment

isolated individual (intimate relationship)

withdrawn

merger individuals (intimate relationship)

enduring relationship but absorbed by relationship

what is maslow credited with creating?

theory of self actualization

what is the theory of self actualization?

healthy development of people’s abilities enables them to fulfil their true nature

what is in the hierarchy of human needs?

self actualization and growth needs

esteem needs

belongingness and love needs

safety needs

physical needs

what are the two basic sets of needs according to maslow?

deficiency needs (basic needs)

growth needs (meta needs)

what is a deficiency need?

physiological drives, safety needs, belongingness, and love needs and esteem needs

what is a growth need?

need for self-actualization and cognitive understanding

what is a physiological need?

necessity

ex. hunger, thirst and sex

what is a safety need?

need for security, protection, structure, law, order, limits, freedom from fear, anxiety, and chaos

what is the need for belongingness defined as?

need to feel wanted and accepted by others

what is the need for love defined as?

selfish beginning by seeking love from others

d-love (deficiency love)

b-love (being love)

how is esteem needs divided into two sets?

based on respect for own competence, independence, and accomplishment

based on others’ evaluations (recognition, status, fame, dominance, appreciation)

what is self actualization?

need to reach one’s fullest potential and highest level of functioning

why did maslow believe people should reach actualization?

people more capable of giving affection, intimately related to others, more capable of mature love and are less resentful to former lovers

what is the jonah complex?

as a result of fear, reluctance to make full use of one’s intellectual abilities and potential because achievement may bring new responsibilities and duties we cannot handle and fear of the unknown

what are the conditions for self actualization?

• poor socialization practices among young people as main source that hinders movement toward self actualization

• enviro must allow for basic needs to be met as well as be supportive and guide behavior toward positive methods

• without basic freedoms (ex. speech) satisfaction is impossible

what is self transcendence?

seek to further a cause beyond the self and experience a communion with others and nature and goes beyond the boundaries of self

what defines a transcending self-actualizing person?

most fully developed psychologically healthy person who can transcend their own selfish concerns and work to better humankind

what is personal orientation inventory (POI)?

self-report questionnaire that reflects the values and behavior of major importance, determines extent of self-actualization

how does maslow define therapy?

• act as friend

• provide client with respect, love and feelings of belongingness

• nonthreatening and supporive

what are some problems with maslow’s assessment techniques?

• assessment procedures for self-actualizers

• no one knows how maslow assessed those he used in his research

• maslow based self-actualizing characteristics on his own value system

what is client-centered therapy

start and end with subjective experience of individual (which serves as basis for all individual’s judgement and behavior)

what is humanism?

emphasize people’s potential for self-fulfillment

what are some examples of humanistic therapies?

• focus on present and future (not the past)

• feelings rather than childhood origins

• focus on conscious rather than unconscious

• focus on immediate responsibility rather than uncovering hidden issues

• promote growth

what is self-actualizing tendency?

active, controlling drive toward fulfillment of our potentials that enables us to maintain and enhance ourselves (both biological and psychological)

what is the organismic valuing process?

(according to Rogers) individuals utilize their actualization tendency as a criterion in making judgements about the worth of a given experience

what defines a fully functioning person?

individuals who are utilizing their potentials to the maximum degree, are engaged in self-realization or self-actualization

according to rogers what does a fully functioning person require?

• open to experience

• existential living

• trust their organisms

• creative

• live richer lives than other people

what is an emerging person?

people whose interpersonal relationships are characterized by honestly, cooperation, and concern for others, avoid facades and hypocrisy, welcome change, and opt for growth even difficult

according to rogers what does an emerging person require?

• honest and open

• indifferent to material comforts and rewards

• caring persons

• deep distrust of cognitively based science and tech that uses science to exploit and harm nature and people

• trust their own experience and profound distrust of all external authority

what is your social self?

an organized set of characteristics that the individual perceives as being unique to themselves and is primarily acquired through contact with others

what is your true self?

one’s self-concept based on our actual feelings about our experiences

what can affect one’s self-concept?

need for positive regard- learned or innate tendency to see and need approval from others

what do we live our life based on?

conditions of worth- experiences and behaviors are acceptable only if they meet with approval from others

what was roger’s goal for his person-centered approach?

change the person’s self-concept

what is the ideal condition for development of a healthy self-concept?

unconditional positive regard- a total caring or prizing of the person for what and who one is, without any reservations or conditions of worth

where does self-concept begin and what influences it?

develop in childhood and influenced by parenting

• offer unconditional love and regard are more likely to foster a healthy self-concept

• feel they have to earn parents’ love may end up with low self-esteem and feel unworthiness

what is a state of incongruence?

when self-image does not line up with our ideal self

how to reach a state of congruence?

receiving unconditional positive regard and pursuing self-actualization