Micro - Metabolism

Metabolism

all biochemical process to life

Catabolism

breaking down big molecules (protein, carbs, lipids, fats) into smaller parts (ATP, reducing power, precursor metabolites)

Anabolism

using small molecules (ATP, reducing power, precursors) and nutrients (CHNOPS) to make larger components (flagella, organelles)

Energy

capacity to do work

Photo

light energy

Chemo

chemical energy

Litho

inorganic electrons

Organo

organic electrons

Auto

CO2 as carbon source

Hetero

organic carbon

Energy sources

light (photosynthesis), dark (ATP, reducing power), chemical (respiration, fermentation)

Chemical energy

respiration and fermentation

Three types of work

chemical, transport, and mechanical

Chemical work

polymerization of small precursor molecules for synthesis of complex molecules (amino acids -> proteins)

Transport work

move molecules against gradient (ATP)

Mechanical energy

rotate flagella for motility

ATP is stood for

adenosine tri-phosphate

ATP function

primary molecule used to conserve the energy supplied by an energy source

ATP components

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

Oxidation

loss of electron

Reduction

gain electron

Reducing agent

molecule that donates electrons (reducing power)

Oxidizing agent

molecule that accepts electrons

Standard reduction potential

measure of the tendency of reducing agent to donate electron

Good electron donators

NADH/NADPH cus they're more electronegative

Reducing power molecules

NADH, FADH, NADPH

NADH

donate electrons to ETC and to NADPH

NADPH

donates electrons to other molecules

Electron transport chain

electrons flow from electron carrier having the most negative reduction potential to the most positive carrier

Electron carriers

direct electrons to electron acceptor, the are close together to prevent energy loss

Enzyme

protein catalysts that have great specificity for substrates

Catalyst

increase rate of reaction without being used up in process

Enzyme structure

proteins and the apoenzyme and cofactor (holoenzyme)

Apoenzyme

protein in enzyme

Cofactor

non-protein in enzyme

Holoenzyme

apoenzyme + cofactor

Prosthetic group

cofactor firmly attached to apoenzyme

Coenzyme

cofactor loosely attached to apoenzyme

Enzyme kinetics

enzyme is specific for substrate, coenzyme picks chemical group from substrate 1 and attaches it to substrate 2, substrates are released from enzyme

Enzyme environmental effects

amount of substrate present, temp, and pH

Amount of substrate present

low conc or high conc of substrate

What happens when there is a low concentration of substrate for enzymes

hard for enzyme to find substrates, slow velocity

What happens when there is a high concentration of substrate for enzymes

easy for enzyme to find substrate, fast velocity

What happens when temp is high for enzymes

denatures proteins

What happens if pH is too high or too low

enzyme slows or speeds up

Enzyme regulation

synthesis of enzyme, pre-existing enzymes/post translational, and feedback inhibition

Synthesis of enzyme

rate of transcription or translation (gene expression) to control amount of enzymes

pre-existing/post translational enzymes regulation

already made enzymes go through allosteric regulation and covalent modification

Allosteric regulation

effector binds reversibly to regulatory site and causes conf. Change of enzyme, can increase or decrease enzyme activity through positive and negative effectors

Covalent modification

addition/removal of particular chemical group

Feedback inhibition

use pacemaker enzyme to catalyze the rate-limiting (slowest) reaction in pathway, ensures balance (supply/demand)