Learn: APUSH Unit 1 & 2 Recap: Colonial America

Spanish Colonization Goals

Extract wealth (gold/silver), spread Catholicism, and establish encomienda feudal systems.

French Colonization Goals

Trade furs (beaver), establish trade networks, and maintain cooperative Native relations.

Dutch Colonization Focus

Build a global commercial and fur-trading empire centered in New Netherland (New York).

English Colonization Driver

Acquire land, export cash crops, achieve religious freedom, and relieve domestic population pressure.

New England Colonies Economy

Based on subsistence farming, lumber, shipbuilding, fishing, and transatlantic commerce.

Chesapeake Colonies Economy

Dominated by tobacco plantation agriculture, initially relying on indentured servants, then enslaved Africans.

Middle Colonies Characteristics

Exported wheat/grains ("breadbasket"), exhibited high ethnic and religious diversity, and maintained tolerance.

Southern Colonies & West Indies Economy

Relied heavily on staple cash crops like rice, indigo, and sugar using brutal plantation slavery.

Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies exist to enrich the mother country through strict trade regulation.

Slavery in the Carolinas

Task system on rice plantations with a Black majority, preserving distinct African cultural traditions.

Slavery in the Chesapeake

Gang system on tobacco farms with closer supervision and a self-sustaining native-born slave population.

Triangular Trade

Transatlantic trade network exchanging European manufactured goods, African slaves, and American raw materials.

Encomienda System

Economic system created by the Spanish during their conquest of the Americas.

Environmental Impact of Exploration

Introduction of European diseases (smallpox), new crops, and animals (horses, pigs).

Middle Passage

Dangerous leg of Trans-Atlantic trade shipping enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Three Motives for Exploration

God (religion), Glory (power and fame), and Gold (wealth).

Cause of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Demand for plantation labor increased after Native populations were decimated by diseases.

Colonial Anglo-Native Conflicts

Major wars including Metacom's War, Pueblo Revolt, Pequot Wars, and Anglo-Powhatan Wars.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the 1740s emphasizing personal salvation and free will.

Jamestown Founding Purpose

Established by the Virginia Company primarily in search of gold and financial wealth.

New England Religious Dissenters

Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams, who challenged Puritan authority.

Virginia House of Burgesses

First representative political assembly established in colonial Virginia.

City Upon a Hill

Puritan concept that New England should serve as a moral model for the world.

Beringia

Land bridge that permitted the initial human migration into North America.

Patroon System

Dutch West India Company strategy granting land to populate New Netherland.

Impact of Horses

Columbian Exchange introduction that drastically altered Native American lifestyle and mobility.

Causes of Bacon's Rebellion

Frontier Native attacks, lack of land for former indentured servants, and low tobacco prices.

New England Geography & Climate

Rocky soil, cold winters, short summers, dense forests, and lack of tropical diseases.

Requerimiento

Spanish legal document read to Native Americans asserting sovereignty and demanding submission.

John Rolfe

Jamestown colonist who successfully introduced tobacco cultivation to Virginia.

Popé

Pueblo leader who led the 1680 Pueblo Revolt against Spanish colonial rule.