anatomy unit 2 study guide

Vocabulary-style study flashcards based on the Unit 2 Lecture Study Guide covering the skeletal system, articulations, and muscular system.

What is cartilage?

Gel-like ground substance that makes it stronger than connective tissue proper, not as strong as osseous tissue

What types of cells are in cartilage?

Chondroblasts: secrete gel-like matrix

Chondrocytes: cartilage cells that are entrapped in lacunae

What is the space around chondrocytes called?

Lacunae

What surrounds cartilage to help with growth and repair of the cartilage

Perichondrium

What are the functions of cartilage? Name examples

Structural support for soft tissue

What are articulations?

Joints where two bones meet

Which type of cartilage is replaced by bone?

Hyaline Cartilage

Name the 3 types of cartilage and their descriptions

Hyaline cartilage: Most common and weakest, chondrocytes within lacunae and collagen are too thin, flexible and resilient
Elastic cartilage: Many elastic fibers, branched around chondrocytes, resilient and flexible
Fibrocartilage: Visible collagen fibers and chondrocytes may arrange in parallel rows, durable to shock and compresion

Name examples of each of the 3 types of cartilage and what type of fibers are in each

Hyaline: nose, trachea, most of larynx. Type II collagen fibers
Elastic: epiglottis, external auditory meatus, auditory canal. Elastic fibers.
Fibro: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint. Collagen fibers.

What are the functions of bone?

Support, protection, movement, hemopoiesis, mineral and energy storage

What is hemopoiesis?

production of blood cells

What is the difference between red bone marrow vs yellow bone marrow?

produces blood vs. stores fat

What is the difference between red bone marrow in children vs adults?

red bone marrow located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of bones vs. red bone marrow located in axial skeleton and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

What is stored in bone? Why are they stored?

90% of calcium and phosphate stored in bone,

Calcium: needed for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse

Phosphate: needed for ATP

What are the different regions of the bones?

• Diaphysis: cylindrical shaft of the bone

• Epiphysis: ends of the bone; larger to strengthen joints (increase surface area)

  • Proximal epiphysis: proximal end of bone

  • Distal epiphysis: distal end of bone

• Metaphysis: region between diaphysis and epiphysis

What is the epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line?

• Epiphyseal plate: in a growing bone, made of hyaline cartilage to make bone longer

• Epiphyseal line: remnant of epiphyseal plate in adults

What is articular cartilage? (what is it made of)

hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis to reduce friction and absorb shock

What is medullary cavity and what can be found in it?

hollow space within diaphysis (red marrow in children, yellow marrow in adults)

What is endosteum?

covers the internal surface of bone, contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts for bone growth and remodelling

What is periosteum?

covers the outer surface of the bone, made of dense CT

Name the different types of bone cells and their descriptions

Osteogenic / osteoprogenitor cells: mitosis to form osteoblasts

Osteoblast: forming new bones

Osteocytes: detects mechanical stress and communicates with osteoblasts

Osteoclasts: breaking down and reabsorbing old bone tissue

What is the bone matrix made out of?

• Osteogenic / osteoprogenitor cells

• Osteocytes

• Osteoclasts

• Hydroxyapatite

• Calcium Phosphate

What are the differences between compact/dense/cortical vs spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone?

hard and dense exterior vs. porous interior

Compact bone contains many different structures. Name them and describe them

Osteon / Haversian system

Central canal

Concentric lamella

Where is spongy bone located at?

lines the inner part of long bones and middle portions of flat bones

What is ossification/osteogenesis?

Forming of osseous tissue

What are the two types of ossification?

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification: originates from hyaline cartilage

Where is intramembranous ossification found?

• Intramembranous ossification: forms flat bones of skull, zygomatic bone, maxilla, mandible, clavicle from mesenchyme CT

What tissue does intramembranous ossification originate from?

embryonic tissue

Osteoid is also known as….?

Bone matrix

What is calcification?

calcium phosphate are deposited into the osteoid making it solid and also trap osteoblasts in lacunae becoming osteocytes

What does hypertrophy mean?

grow

What does the remaining hyaline cartilage become? Where are they found?

epiphyseal plate, on edges of joints

What do epiphyseal plates become? When does this occur?

Epiphyseal lines, after growing up

What occurs to the cartilage and bone production as we age?

they slow down

What does resorbing mean?

removing of old tissue

Why does bone remodeling occur?

• Helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body

• Strengthen bone

How does stress affect our bones?

increase formation of bone

As we age what occurs more?

Deposition: building and adding of new tissue

Name two hormones that affect bone

Calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone

How do each of these hormones affect bone? Which cells are affected?

Calcitonin lowers calcium, Parathyroid hormone increases calcium

How many bones are there in an adult skeleton?

206

How does the amount of bones compare to an adult vs a fetus?

275-300, they fuse together

What are sesamoid bones? Name examples

formed due to stress, ex. pisiform / patella

What are the different skull cavities?

Cranial, Orbits, Nasal, Oral / Buccal, Middle and Inner ear, Paranasal sinuses

Describe the Cranial Cavity

protect brain

Describe the Orbital cavity

Consists of frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, and zygomatic bones, houses eyes

Describe nasal cavity (what are choanae/internal nares)

air passageway,

Choanae/internal nares: passageway from nasal cavity to pharynx

Describe oral / buccal cavity

air/food passageway

What’s the purpose of the Middle and Inner ear cavities

sound vibration/protect middle and inner ear organs

Describe Paranasal sinuses (name diff sinuses)

lighten skull and resonant voice

Frontal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Maxillary

Name the different bones of the orbital complex

Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal

What are sutures?

immovable joints between skull bones, dense regular connective tissue

Name the different types of sutures

• Sagittal: between parietal bones

• Coronal: between frontal and parietal bones along coronal plane

• Squamous: between the temporal bone and parietal bones

• Lambdoid: between parietal and occipital bon

Name the Cranial bones of the skull

• Frontal

• Parietal (2)

• Temporal (2)

• Occipital

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

Name the facial bones of the skull (8)

• Nasal (2)

• Maxillary (2)

• Lacrimal (2)

• Zygomatic (2)

• Palatine (2)

• Inferior nasal conchae (2)

• Vomer

• Mandible

What feature can we find on the frontal bone? What does it do again (name and purpose of paranasal sinuses)

Frontal sinus, Maxillary sinus, Ethmoid sinus/aircells, Sphenoid sinus
lighten skull and resonant voice

Where are the parietal bones located at?

Between the frontal and occipital bones

What features are on the temporal bones and describe them?

Zygomatic process fusing into zygomatic bone (zygomatic arch),

External acoustic meatus,

Mandibular fossa,

Styloid process (attaches to tongue),

Mastoid process sinus (communicates with the middle-ear cavity),

Internal acoustic meatus is passageway in skull

Carotid canal allows carotid artery to pass through

Jugular foramen is a passage way for vein

What feature is formed between the temporal and occipital bone? What does it do?

Squamous suture, Jugular foramen

What features are on the occipital bone and describe them?

foramen magnum is the big hole for the spinal cord

occipital condyle forms a joint with the atlas (top vertebrae),

hypoglossal canal is the gap between the bottom of the skull and parietal for hypoglossal nerve

external occipital protuberance is where skull binds to vertebrae

What features are on the sphenoid and describe them?

Sphenoid bone is the space deep in the nose

sella turcica is where pituitary gland resides with”saddle” region

optical canal/foramen is the passageway for optic nerve,

choanae/posterior nasal apertures/internal nares is nasal passageway

What features are on the ethmoid and describe them?

Ethmoid bone lies above nose containing nasal cavity

perpendicular plate which separates right and left walls of nasal cavity

Crista galli is the top of ethmoid bone which attaches to meninges

Cribriform plate is the roof of the nasal cavity

middle nasal conchae is lateral to perpendicular plate next to it

What features are on the maxilla and describe them?

Maxilla is the area around nose and upper jaw stopping at cheeks / zygomatic bone

Maxillary sinus are the two triangles beside nose

Alveolar margin are what hold the teeth

Palatine process forms hard palate (top part of mouth) with horizontal plate of palatine bone

What bones and features form the hard palate?

Palatine process of maxilla

Palatine process forms front of hard palate

Palatine bone forms back of hard palate

What features are on the palatine bones and describe them?

Palatine bone forms rest of hard palate and part of nasal cavity / orbit and is behind palatine process in the inner part of mouth

Horizontal Plate forms the top of the mouth

What features are on the zygomatic bones and describe them?

Zygomatic bone has the temporal process into the zygomatic arch

What bones and features form the zygomatic arch?

Temporal bone’s zygomatic process

Zygomatic arch’s temporal process

What do the lacrimal bones form?

Originates from medial of orbit

Lacrimal sac

What do the nasal bones form?

Inferior nasal concha

What do the inferior nasal conchae do?

air turbulence to humidify bones

What does the vomer form?

Nasal septum

What two bones is the nasal septum made of? What feature of the other bone forms this?

Vomer + perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone forms nasal septum

What features are on the mandible and describe them?

condylar process connects cheek to mandibular condyle

Coronoid process is the other tip of the jaw which goes into temporalis muscle

Alveolar margin is under teeth where they articulate

Mental foramen are small holes in mandible for nerves

What are the auditory ossicles?

Auditory ossicles transmit sound inside ear canal

malleus

incus

stapes

Hyoid

What is the hyoid?

bone for muscle attachment w/o articulation

What are fontanels?

membrane between unfused cranial bones, anterior fontanel is largest

What is the vertebral column and what is its description?

protects spinal cord, absorb stress, supports skull and trunk

How many vertebrae of each type do we have?

7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, fusion of 5 in Sacrum, fusion of 4~ in coccyx

What are intervertebral discs? What tissue makes this?

fibrocartilage between vertebrates

What are the primary curvatures we retain as an adult?

Thoracic and sacral curvature

What are the secondary curvatures that we develop? How is it developed?

lumbar and cervical curvature developed after birth

Name some of the abnormal spinal curvatures and how they differ

Kyphosis is exaggerated thoracic curvature

Lordosis is exaggerated Lumbar curvature

For the general vertebra, name the features and their descriptions

Body / centrum, middle of vertebra where intervertebral discs connect

Vertebral arch

Spinous Process extends from the middle of the lamina

Transverse Process extend from the sides of the lamina

Vertebral Foramen is the hole in the middle

Superior Articular Process with Facets top side of the vertebrae articulate with each other

Inferior articular process with facets bottom side of the vertebrae articulate with each other

What structures form the vertebral arch?

Vertebral arch is the arch on top of the vertebral foramen and body,

pedicle are the sides of it and

lamina is the roof

What are some of the features on a cervical vertebra?

• Smaller body, shorter spinous process and bifid (not C7), Transverse foramina for vertebral arteries and veins

• Atlas (c1) at top, no body or spinous process, superior articular facets w/ occipital condyle for nodding

• Axis (c2) under Atlas, dens / odontoid process which pokes through atlas to assist with shaking head

What do you call C1? What does it do?

Atlas,

articulates with dens of Axis and occipital condyle to move head

What do you call C2? What does it do? What feature allows this to occur?

Axis

occipital condyle that pokes through Atlas to assist with head movement

What features are on the thoracic vertebrae?

Costal Facets & Demifacets (half of costal facet) are little holes for the head of ribs to articulate with

superior & inferior costal facet with head

transversal costal facet (not on t11-t12) articulates with tubercle of rib

Spinous process is pointed and angled downward

Superior Articular Facets face posteriorly, interior articular facets face anteriorly (except for t12) 

What features are on the lumbar vertebrae?

Superior articular facets face medially

inferior articular facets face laterally

spinal process tends to be flatter & body tends to be bigger

How many bones are fused for the sacrum?

Five

What features do you find on the sacrum?

body, anterior body is called promontory

ala is the rounded sides

auricular surfaces are the depressions on the side that articulate with ossa coxae

Apex is the bottom part that connects with the coccyx

Sacroiliac joint is the joint between ossa coxae and auricular surfaces

What is the sacroiliac joint?

joint between ossa coxae and auricular surfaces

How many bones are fused for the coccyx?

3-5

What bones form the thoracic cage? What is its function?

Sternum, Ribs, Thoracic Vertebrae

Protects hearts, lungs, trachea, esophagus

What are the different regions of the sternum?

From Inferior to Superior:

Xiphoid Process, Body, Manubrium

Manubrium has Jugular / Suprasternal notch & Clavicular notches

How many ribs do we have?

12 pairs

How are ribs categorized and how many of each do we have in each category?

True (1-7), False (8-10), Floating (11-12)

What features are there on the ribs and their descriptions?

Head interacts with thoracic vertebrae’s transversal costal facet

Shaft is the long part of the rib

costal groove is the inferior and medial parts of the shaft where the intercostal nerves and blood vessels run

What bones are on the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle

Scapula