Social Sciences: Trade and Global Climate

A comprehensive vocabulary review covering concepts of trade, imports and exports, manufacturing stages, unfair versus fair trading systems, and world climate classifications based on the lecture material.

Trade

The exchange of goods or work through selling and buying.

Exchange

To give something and receive something in return.

Goods

Things that people buy and sell.

Swap

To exchange one thing for another thing.

Barter

A way of swapping goods of equal value without using money.

Value

A measure of how much an item or service is worth in terms of money.

Price

The amount of money that something is worth when sold.

Imports

Goods that are bought by a country from other countries, such as factory machines, computers, and specialized medicines.

Exports

Goods that are sold by a country to other countries, such as minerals, fruit, and car parts.

Natural Resources

Things that come from nature and can be used to make useful things, such as fruit, coal, and minerals contained in rocks.

Labour

Work done by people, or the workers themselves, who sell their skills and their time in exchange for money.

Raw Materials (Primary Products)

Resources that come directly from nature that have not yet been manufactured and are at the first stage of being used by people.

Manufactured Goods (Secondary Products)

Things made in factories by changing raw materials using tools and machines.

Factories

Buildings where people use tools and machines to make things.

Process

A set order of actions that lead to a change or result.

Processing

A form of manufacturing where raw materials, such as cocoa beans, go through actions and stages to become manufactured products like chocolate.

Skills

Something useful that a person can do, such as making furniture from wood or playing a musical instrument.

Services

Actions or jobs that people perform for others in exchange for money, such as healthcare, teaching, cleaning, and driving buses.

Gold Ore

The natural rock and raw material that contains gold before it is extracted and refined.

eGoli

A name used for Johannesburg that means "City of Gold."

Carat

A unit used to measure how pure gold is, where pure gold is $24$ carats.

Ounce

A unit used to measure the weight of gold, equal to about $28\,\text{grams}$.

Unfair Trade

A trading system where buyers decide low prices for raw materials, leaving poor countries without enough money to pay fair wages or buy manufacturing machinery.

Fair Trade

Trade that occurs when countries agree to buy goods at decent prices from companies that pay fair wages, ensure safe working conditions, keep children in school, and invest in health care and education.

Skills Training

The process of learning how to do difficult jobs.

Weather

The temperature, rainfall, and wind conditions in a place on a particular day.

Climate

What the weather is like in an area over a long period of time, described in terms of temperature and rainfall.

Hot Climates

Climates where temperatures are high for most of the year, usually above $25\,^\circ\text{C}$ and often reaching $35\,^\circ\text{C}$.

Mild Climates

Climates where temperatures are neither too high nor too low for most of the year, usually remaining between $10\,^\circ\text{C}$ and $30\,^\circ\text{C}$.

Cold Climates

Climates where temperatures are low for most of the year, usually below $10\,^\circ\text{C}$ and reaching as low as $-20\,^\circ\text{C}$.