the sigma dentistry class

Clinical Crown

Visible portion of the tooth above the gumline.

Anatomical Crown

Entire portion of the tooth covered by enamel, even below the gumline.

Pre-implantation Period

First week; fertilization occurs.

Embryonic Period

2-8 weeks; major organs and facial structures form.

Fetal Period

9 weeks-birth; growth and maturation of organs.

4th Week of Development

Face and oral cavity begin forming.

5th Week of Development

Tooth development initiates.

17th Week of Development

Primary teeth begin mineralizing.

Fourth Month of Development

Hard and soft palates develop.

Bud Stage

Initial growth of tooth bud.

Cap Stage

Cells differentiate, and tooth shape forms.

Bell Stage

Enamel and dentin formation begins.

Enamel

Hard outer layer, protects the tooth.

Dentin

Bulk of the tooth, transmits sensations.

Pulp

Nerve and blood supply inside the tooth.

Cementum

Covers the root and anchors the tooth to the bone.

Incisors

Cutting food without much use of force

Canines

Tearing food with lots of force

Premolars

Grinding and crushing food.

Molars

Heavy grinding and chewing.

Mesial

Side closest to the midline.

Distal

Side furthest from the midline.

Facial/Buccal

Outer surface (cheek/lip side).

Lingual

Inner surface (tongue side).

Occlusal/Incisal

Biting surface.

Systemic Fluoride

Ingested (water, supplements).

Topical Fluoride

Applied directly (toothpaste, treatments).

General Dentist

Provides routine care, fillings, exams.

Dental Hygienist

Performs cleanings, educates on oral hygiene.

Periodontist

Treats gum disease, places implants.

Oral Surgeon

Performs extractions, jaw surgeries.

Endodontist

Treats root canals.

Prosthodontist

Specializes in dentures, crowns, implants.

Forensic Dentist

Identifies individuals using dental records.

Pediatric Dentist

Treats children’s teeth.

Orthodontist

Corrects misaligned teeth with braces.

Bitewing X-ray

Detects cavities between teeth.

Periapical X-ray

Focuses on the root and surrounding bone.

Panoramic X-ray

Full view of upper and lower jaws.

Streptococcus Mutans

Bacteria that initiates decay.

Lactobacilli

Bacteria contributing to deep cavities

Cavity Formation Factors

Bacteria (Plaque) + Sugar + Susceptible Tooth.

Dental Sealants

Protective coating placed on pits and fissures to prevent cavities.

Demineralization

Loss of minerals from enamel.

Remineralization

Minerals re-enter enamel.

Incipient Caries

Early, reversible stage of decay.

Frank Caries

Visible decay.

Secondary Caries

Forms around restorations.

Rampant Caries

Severe, multiple cavities.

Physical Role of Saliva

Washes away food debris.

Chemical Role of Saliva

Neutralizes acids.

Antibacterial Role of Saliva

Fights cavity-causing bacteria.

Gingivitis

Early-stage, reversible gum inflammation.

Periodontitis

Severe gum disease, leading to bone loss.

Health Conditions Linked to Gum Disease

Heart disease, diabetes, pregnancy complications.

Soft-Bristled Toothbrush

Recommended for gentle cleaning.

Toothbrush Replacement

Every 3 months.

Flossing Shape

"C" shape around each tooth.

Bass Method

Proper brushing technique (45° angle to gums).

Brushing & Flossing

Removes plaque.

Fluoride Use

Strengthens enamel.

Sealants

Protects grooves in teeth.

Dietary Changes

Limit sugar intake.

Wilhelm Roentgen

Discovered X-rays.

Horace Wells

Discovered nitrous oxide anesthesia.

Leonardo da Vinci

Identified premolars & molars.

Paul Revere

Early forensic dentistry.

Hesi-Re

First recorded dentist.

Irene Newman

First dental hygienist.

Alfred Fones

First to employ a dental hygienist.

C. Edmund Kells

First dental assistant.

Ancient Arabians

Introduced the Siwak toothbrush.

Diocles of Carystus

Promoted oral hygiene.

Hippocrates

"Father of Medicine."

Hippocratic Oath

Ethical medical code.

Ambroise Paré

"Father of Modern Surgery."

Pierre Fauchard

"Father of Modern Dentistry."

Ambroise Paré

First to use artificial limbs.

Isaac Greenwood

First American-born dentist.

Frederick McKay

Discovered fluoride’s benefits.

Lucy Hobbs-Taylor

First female dentist.

Ida Gray Nelson

First African American female dentist.

G.V. Black’s Contributions

Developed cavity classification system.

Primary Dentition

Baby teeth.

Mixed Dentition

Both primary & permanent teeth present.

Permanent Dentition

All adult teeth present.

Assess Patient Knowledge

Understand current oral hygiene habits.

Explain Importance of Oral Care

Prevent disease and decay.

Demonstrate Proper Techniques

Brushing, flossing.

Provide Personalized Recommendations

Tailored advice.

Encourage Regular Dental Visits

Prevention and early treatment.