APWH 1.1

Who did the Song Dynasty Replace?

The Tang Dynasty

Imperial Bureaucracy

Vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the Empire’s policies

What expanded educational opportunities to young men of low classes?

Civil Service Exam/meritocracy

Grand Canal

Efficient and inexpensive waterway transportation system

What allowed the Song Dynasty to become the most populous trading area in the world?

Grand Canal

Gunpowder

Invented in China, made the first guns

Champa Rice

Fast ripening and drought-resistant, expanded agricultural production in Vietnam

Methods of agricultural success

Manure, irrigation systems, heavy plows by water buffalos.

What allowed for China’s population to grow?

Champ rice

What did coal allow china to do

Enabled it to produce greater amounts of cast iron goods

Steel uses

Reinforce bridges, gates, and ship anchors. Strengthened agricultural equipment.

Proto-industrialization

Set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made surplus goods

Artisans

Skills craftworkers producing steel and other products in widely dispersed smelting facilities under the supervision of the imperial government

What did Artisans manufacture?

Steel, porcelain, silk, etc

Why was porcelain in high demand

Light-weight yet strong, and easily painted

Maritime navigation tools

Compass, printing paper for navigation charts

Chinese exports

Porcelains, textiles, tea

How did the song promote growth of a commercial economy?

With taxes, changed how public projects were built

Tributary system

States had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese Emperor

How did the tributary system affect china?

Cemented economic and political power over foreign countries, and created stability and stimulated trade for states involved

Examples of states who were in the tributary system

Japan, Korea, and kingdoms through SE Asia

Kowtow

Ritual in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow their head until it reached the floor

Scholar Gentry

Social class, educated in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China

Aristocracy

Landowners who inherited wealth

social classes ranked below Scholar Gentry

Farmers, artisans, merchants, peasants

Role of Women in Chinese Society

Respect for women and expected to defer to men

Foot binding

Common among aristocratic families during Song Fynsty

Why did intellectual pursuits thrive?

Enjoyed affluence, a well educated populace, and extensive contract with foreign nations

Impact of paper

Invented in 2nd century C.E, expanded availability of books

How did Buddhism come to China?

Through the Silk Roads

Theravada Buddhism

Focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. SE Asia

Mahayana Buddhism

Focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. Strongest in China and Korea

Tibetan Buddhism

Focused on Chanting. Strongest in Tibet

Buddhism

Belief in four noble truths, suffering can be alleviated by eliminating personal desires, eightfold path, enlightenment

Chan/Zen Buddhism

Syncretic religion of Daoism and Buddhism.

How did printing allow Buddhism to spread?

Made Buddhist scriptures widely available to Confucian scholar Gentry

Filial Piety

Duty of family members to subordinate their desires to the male head of the family and to the ruler. Helped song maintain tule in China

Neo-Confucianism

Syncretic system, Daoism and Buddhism, popular in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, emphasized ethics

impact of states nearby China

States benefitted from being close to China, but struggled to maintain own distinctive culture

China’s impact on China

Buddhism and Confucianism, woodblock printing, took on Chinese arts, politics, and literature,

Japanese political structure

Feudalism, without centralized government, similar to European Feudalism

How did Japan differ to China in how it was governed?

Had an emperor, little power, aristocrats held power

Why was Korea so similar to China?

Shared land-border and tributary system

Similarities of China and Korea

Adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs, educated elite studied Confucian classics, adopted Chinese writing system, centralized government like Chinese

Differences between China and Korea

Made a new writing system 15th century, landed aristocracy more powerful in Korea (able to prevent certain Chinese reforms, like the merit-based system)

Vietnam similarities with China

Adapted Chinese writing system and architectural styles, adopted merit-based bureaucracy

Differences in merit-based systems

Loyalty to village peasants, sometimes led revolts against government

Differences between Vietnam and China

Women had greater independence in married lives, preferred nuclear families (wife, husband, and children), villages operated independently of a national government

Polygyny

Practice of having more than one wife at a time (Vietnamese women hated inferior status in China and polygyny)