ASCI 243 Midterm

dendrites

recieve signals

soma (cell body)

metabolic center

axon hillock

decision point for action potential initiation

axon

conducts impulse away from the soma

myelin sheath (Schwann cells)

increases conduction speed

axon terminal

released neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body

sensory (afferent)

transmit impulses toward the CNS

motor (efferent)

carry impulses away from the CNS

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

temporal lobe

thalamus

hypothalamus

hippocampus

basal ganglia

smelling pathway to the brain

→ Olfactory receptor neurons (nasal epithelium)→ Olfactory bulb→ Olfactory tract→ Piriform cortex→ Amygdala→ Hippocampus→ Orbitofrontal cortex

taste pathway to the brain

→ Taste receptor cells (taste buds)→ CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus)→ Nucleus of the solitary tract→ Thalamus (VPM)→ Gustatory cortex

vision pathway to the brain

→ Retina (rods & cones)→ Bipolar cells→ Ganglion cells→ Optic nerve→ Optic chiasm→ Optic tract→ Lateral geniculate nucleus→ Optic radiations→ Primary visual cortex

hearing pathway to the brain

→ Tympanic membrane→ Ossicles→ Cochlea→ CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)→ Cochlear nuclei→ Superior olivary complex→ Inferior colliculus→ Medial geniculate nucleus→ Primary auditory cortex

dorsal

ventral

rostral

cranial

toward head

caudal

away from head

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

farther from the surface

median plane

sagittal plane

transverse plane

dorsal (frontal) plane

what are the four types of tissue?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

functions of muscle tissue

1. movement, respiration, digestion, reproduction, vision, communication

2. converts chemical energy to mechanical energy via ATP hydrolysis (not very effective)

three muscle types?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

main function of connective tissue?

maintains the body's structure and function

tendons connect

muscles to bone

ligaments connect

bone to bone

fibroblast

a cell in connective tissue that produces collagen, reticular, and elastin

collagen

strongest of fibers, provides tensile strength, restists stretching

reticular

delicate structural scaffolds, supports cellular organization in soft tissues

elastin

capable of stretch/recoil, provides flexibility

two structural types of bone

compact and cancellous (spongy)

epiphysis

metaphysis

diaphysis

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

four primary depots

visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, intramuscular fat

order of fat depots to form

visceral --> subcutaneous --> intermuscular --> intramuscular

what is myosin made of?

2 heavy chains and 4 light chains

What is actin made of?

375-376 amino acid polypeptide chain

z disc on sarcomere

A band on sarcomere

7

I band on sarcomere

6

M line of sarcomere

three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal appearance

striated, multi-nucleated, fibers parallel

cardiac appearance

one nucleus, striated, and intercalated discs

smooth muscle appearance

single, fusiform, uninucleate; no striations

muscle components from smallest to largest

sarcomere → myofilament → myofibril → muscle bundle → whole skeletal muscle

primary function of respiratory system?

gas exchange, provides O2 and eliminates CO2

Secondary functions of the respiratory system

regulate blood pH, olfaction, sound production, and heat elimination via expired air

ventilation passage

nose or mouth to pharynx to larynx to trachea to bronchi to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles

gas exchange components

respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs to alveoli

three components of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

key function of nose and sinuses

condition inhaled air by warming, humidifying, and filtering it using mucus and cilia

key function of pharynx

allowing for both the passage of food/liquids to the digestive system and air to the respiratory system

key function of larynx

protect the lower airway by preventing swallowed food and liquids from entering the trachea and lungs

key function of trachea

serve as a vital, open passageway for air to move between the larynx and the bronchi in the lungs during breathing

key function of bronchial tree

transports air to and from the lungs, filters and humidifies incoming air, and regulates airflow resistance.

pleural membrane

membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage

external gas exchange

the exchange of specific gases between the alveoli and the blood

internal gas exchange

occurs between blood and tissues

four components of blood

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

two layers of pericardium

fibrous and serous

atrioventricular valves

tricuspid and bicuspid

semilunar valve

pulmonary and aortic

systemic blood flow sequence

left atrium --> left ventricle --> body

pulmonary blood flow sequence

right atrium --> right ventricle --> lungs

order of valves?

tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, bicuspid valve, aortic valve