ANAT 100 - Block Theory 1

Smallest to Largest

chemical —> cellular —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organismal

Sagittal Body Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

Coronal Body Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Horizontal(Transverse) Body Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Oblique Body Plane

A plane that passes through the body at an angle, dividing it into sections that are neither horizontal nor vertical.

Longitudinal Body Plane

plane perpendicular to horizontal plane (sagittal + coronal)

Epithelium Tissue

covers surfaces and forms glands

Simple Epithelium Tissue

1 layer of tissue

Stratified Epithelium Tissue

2+ layers of tissue

Squamous Epithelium Tissue

thin and wide; irregular shape

Cuboidal Epithelium Tissue

cube shaped; centrally located nucleus

Columnar Epithelium Tissue

tall; oval shaped nucleus; nucleus found near basal region

Simple Squamous Epithelium Tissue

lines blood vessels; very thin = materials pass quickly between blood and tissue

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Tissue

lines some glands

Simple Columnar Epithelium Tissue

line GI tract; allow fast secretion/absorption of material

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Tissue

most superficial layer of skin; protects deeper structures from cuts

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Tissue

in some ducts of glands; secretion, protection, and strengthening walls of ducts in glands

Stratified Columnar Epithelium Tissue

male urethra to protect and secretion

Transitional Epithelium Tissue

changes shape when stretched; dome shaped when relaxed and flattened when stretched; lines bladder and proximal end of urethra

Pseudostratified(Ciliated Columnar) Epithelium Tissue

single layer but looks multilayered; found in most of respiratory tract

Connective Tissue

most common and diverse

Connective Tissue Functions

protection, support, nutrient storage and transportation

Connective Tissue Fibers

collagen, reticular, elastic; all secreted by fibroblasts; all made by proteins

Elastic Connective Tissue Fibers

thin and branched; appear wavy/curly; stretchy

Collagen Connective Tissue Fibers

flexible; appears similar to a rope

Reticular Connective Tissue Fibers

thin; form branching interwoven network with no common alignment

Connective Tissue Proper

cushions organs, binds tissues together, holds body parts in place using cells, protein fibers, and gel-like fluid

Loose Connective Tissue Proper

more ground substance with few connective tissue fibers; padding, insulates, packing/filling in structures

Dense Connective Tissue Proper

less ground substance with more connective tissue fibers; made of bundles of thick parallel elastic fibers(collagen and fibroblasts); can stretch and recoil

Supporting Connective Tissue

provides structural framework that holds body together, protects internal organs, enables movement

Bone(Supporting Connective Tissue)

structural tissue that holds framework of body

Cartilage(Supporting Connective Tissue)

cushions joints, absorbs shock, maintains shape of structural body parts without blood vessels and nerves

Specialized/Fluid Connective Tissue

transports nutrients, gases, waste products, and chemical signals throughout body while defending against pathogens

Blood(Specialized/Fluid Connective Tissue)

fluid within blood vessels and heart; contains many cells and proteins; performs many essential functions

Lymph(Specialized/Fluid Connective Tissue)

interstitial fluid(fluid that covers cells) thats collected into thin-walled lymphatic vessels and moved to cardiovascular system

Cartilage

firm tissue but softer and more flexible than bone; found in joints, vertebrae, ears/nose, bronchial tube/airways

Components of Cartilage

cells, fibers, ground substance

Perichondrium

dense irregular connective tissue; encases cartilage to provide it nutrients

Hyaline Cartilage

most common; strong, rubbery, flexible; wear-resistant to bear and distribute weight; found in joint surface, nasal walls, trachea, bronchi, ribs

Elastic Cartilage

flexible, found in external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis

Bone

support, locomotion, protection, blood cell production, mineral metabolism

Composition of Bone

2/3 inorganic components(minerals and salts) and 1/3 organic components(cells, fibers, ground substance)

Structural Unit of Bone

structured pattern of repeating cylindrical structures(osteons)

Osteon

made of concentric rings with hollow central canal(Haversian Canal)

Haversian Central Canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

Skeletal System Functions

support, protection, blood cell formation, storage, movement

Outer Cortical Layer of Bone

compact bone(hard/strong)

Inner Cancellous Bone

spongy bone(appears porous)

Flat Bones

ex: skull bones

Irregular Bones

ex: vertebrae

Long Bones

ex: femur

Short Bones

ex: wrist/ankle bones

Structure of Long Bones

most common bone in body; longer than wide

Epiphysis of Long Bones

ends of bone; form joints, attachment sites for tendons and ligaments

Diaphysis of Long Bones

elongated cylindrical shaft

Metaphysis of Long Bones

between epiphysis and diaphysis

Articular Cartilage of Long Bones

covers epiphysis; reduces friction/absorbs shock

Periosteum of Long Bones

covers whats not covered by articular cartilage; protects bone, forms new bone tissue; contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone

Medullary Cavity of Long Bones

produces blood cells from bone marrow that sits in the cavity

Axial Skeleton

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

limbs/appendages that attach to axial skeleton

Cranial Bones of the Skull

roof = cranial vault; floor = cranial floor

Frontal Bone of the Skull

forehead and orbits(eye sockets)

Parietal Bones of the Skull

superior and lateral surfaces of the skull

Temporal Bones of the Skull

lateral and inferior walls of the skull

Occipital Bone of the Skull

posterior wall and base of the skull

Foramen Magnum

big hole where spinal cord exits cranial cavity

Occipital Condyles

articulate with first bone in neck

Sphenoid Bone

joins cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every bone of the skull

Maxilla

paired; upper jaw bones

Nasal Bones

paired; articulates with frontal bone; forms bridge of nose

Zygomatic Bones

paired; forms cheekbones

Mandible

lower jaw bone

Coronal Suture

connects frontal and parietal bones

Sagittal Suture

connects parietal bones

Lambdoid Suture

connects occipital and parietal bones

Squamous Suture

connects temporal and parietal bones

Cervical Vertebrae

7 vertebrae; C1-C7

C1 Function

allows nodding

C2/Dens Function

allows side to side movement

Thoracic Vertebrae

12 vertebrae; T1-T12

Lumbar Vertebrae

5 vertebrae; L1-L5

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx

4 fused vertebrae

Body of Vertebrae

on anterior side

Spinous Process of Vertebrae

center structure; extends posteriorly

Transverse Processes of Vertebrae

paired; extends laterally

Vertebral Foramen(Canal)

houses spinal cord

Atypical Vertebrae: C1 Anterior Arch

provides surface for articulation with dens of C2

Atypical Vertebrae: C1 Lateral Masses

provide surfaces for articulation with condyles of occipital bone

Atypical Vertebrae: C2 Dens

rest within anterior arch of C1

Intervertebral Disc

shock absorber; between 2 vertebrae

True Ribs

pairs 1-7; directly articulates to sternum

False Ribs

pairs 8-10; join rib 7 to indirectly articulate with sternum

Floating Ribs

pairs 11-12; have no articulation to sternum

Sternum(Breastbone)

anterior portion of thoracic cage

Manubrium of the Sternum

articulation with rib 1

Body of the Sternum

articulates with ribs 2-7

Upper Limb

30 bones; pectoral girdle to hand

Pectoral Girdle

clavicle and scapula; connects upper limb to axial skeleton