Human Anatomy Week 1

Anatomical Position (Definition)

Baseline/Reference Point for Anatomy

Points of Anatomical Position

Standing straight with head & eyes forward, anterior of subject visible, upper extremities straight at sides, palms forward with fingers down, Lower extremities straight, Feet flat and parallel

Joints in Anatomical Position

Joints are in full extension

Bones in Anatomical Position

Bones are parallel, not crossed

Thigh

From Hip to Knee

Leg

From knee to ankle

Lower Extremities

Thigh, leg, foot

Arm

Shoulder to Elbow

Forearm

Elbow to wrist

Upper Extremities

Arm, forearm, hand

Left/Right

Determined from individual's perspective

Anterior & Posterior

Front & Back

Lateral & Medial

Farther from midline & closer to midline

Ventral & Dorsal

Not preferred, front and Back on bipeds, top and bottom on quadrupeds

Median

IN the midline

Superior & Inferior

Closer to top of head & farther from top of head

Proximal & Distal

Closer to the origin of a structure and farther from the origin of a structure

Exception for Proximal & Distal

Can also refer to tubes; ex: digestive tract - origin is mouth

Superficial & deep

Closer to surface & farther from surface

Parietal

Having to do with the walls of a cavity

Visceral

Having to do with the organs within a cavity

Cell Membrane

Border of cell, controls passage of materials in/out

Nucleus

Center of cell, houses genetic material

Gross Anatomy

Anatomy that can be seen by the naked eye

Histology

Study of Tissues

Tissue

Similar cells grouping together

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue covering surfaces

Simple squamous

Wider than tall, irregular border, "fried egg" appearance

Columnar

Taller than wide, irregular border, columnar appearance

Nature of Epithelial Tissue

Avascular, meaning without veins or arteries throughout

Flexion & Extension

When a muscle contracts and decreases or increases the angle of a joint

Complete Extension

180 degree joint angle as determined by anatomical position

Hyperextension

When a joint extends past complete extension

Abduction and Adduction

Moving a bodypart away from the midline and toward the midline

Cranial & Caudal

Not preferred, closer to the head and closer to the tail (feet in humans)

Coronal Plane

Divides the body such that some is in front and some is behind

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body such that some is to the left and some is to the right

Mid-Sagittal Plane

Divides the body such that there are equal parts on the left and on the right

Para Sagittal Plane

A sagittal plane that is somewhere other than the midline