bio combination

microscopes by Hooke

microscopes by Hans and Zacharrias Jannssen

microscopes by Leeuwenhoek

magnification

resolution

contrast

4 points of cell theory

Schleiden’s contributions to cell theory

Schwann’s contributions to cell theory

Brown’s contributions to cell theory

Hooke’s contributions to cell theory

Leeuwenhoek’s contribution to cell theory

advantages of light microscopes

disadvantages of light microscopes

What did Louis Pasteur do

what is GFP

what is X-ray crystallography

why is a cell considered an open system

Cell Membrane

The structure that surrounds and protects a cell a regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment

Nucleus

The structure that contains the genes and directs the structure and function of the cell.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance in a cell, in which the organelles are suspended. Holds the nutrients that the cell needs to perform daily function

Ribosomes

the site for protein synthesis in a cell, located on the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm. _____ are the sites where amino acids are assembled into proteins through the process of protein synthesis

Liposomes

(THIS ORGANELLE IS ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS) A vesicle containing digestive enzymes where materials and bacteria are degraded by the cell, like a garbage disposal

vesicle

a small membrane sac that stores or transports materials in and out of the cell (not an organelle)

golgi apparatus

the organelles where proteins and lipids from the ER are modified, repackaged, and distributed to other locations in the cell. the “postal service” of the cell.

mitochondria

also known as the powerhouse of the cell, this organelle is where food molecules are broken down and the energy is released into the cell. where cellular respiration occurs in cells.

the process where cells breakdown glucose to produce energy

a network of folded membranes and and tubes connected to the nucleus, and where proteins and lipids are synthesized and packaged into vesicles.

the part of the _______ with attached ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized

the part of the ____ without ribosomes, where lipids are synthesized and proteins or lipids are placed into vesicles

(THIS ORGANELLE IS ONLY IN PLANTS) a green organelle found in plants that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photsynthesis

(ONLY IN PLANTS) a rigid and supportive structure, made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell

What are the small structures inside of cells called?

organelles

Cells are what kind of system

open

The structure that surrounds and protects a cell a regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment

cell/plasma membrane

The structure that contains the genes and directs the structure and function of the cell.

nucleus

The jelly-like substance in a cell, in which the organelles are suspended. Holds the nutrients that the cell needs to perform daily function

cytosplasm

the site for protein synthesis in a cell, located on the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm. _____ are the sites where amino acids are assembled into proteins through the process of protein synthesis

ribosomes

which process occurs in the ribosomes and turns amino acids are assembled into ______

protein synthesis

(THIS ORGANELLE IS ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS) A vesicle containing digestive enzymes where materials and bacteria are degraded by the cell, like a garbage disposal

Lysosome

a small membrane sac that stores or transports materials in and out of the cell (not an organelle)

vesicle

the organelles where proteins and lipids from the ER are modified, repackaged, and distributed to other locations in the cell. the “postal service” of the cell.

golgi apparatus

also known as the powerhouse of the cell, this organelle is where food molecules are broken down and the energy is released into the cell. where cellular respiration occurs in cells.

mitochondria

the process where cells breakdown glucose to produce energy

cellular respiration

a network of folded membranes and and tubes connected to the nucleus, and where proteins and lipids are synthesized and packaged into vesicles.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

the part of the _______ with attached ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized

rough ER

the part of the ____ without ribosomes, where lipids are synthesized and proteins or lipids are placed into vesicles

smooth ER

(THIS ORGANELLE IS ONLY IN PLANTS) a green organelle found in plants that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photsynthesis

chloroplast

(ONLY IN PLANTS) a rigid and supportive structure, made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell

cell wall

What four elements make up cells

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen

fats and oils formed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen, don’t dissolve in water

lipids

sugars and related molecules formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1, major energy source for organisms

carbohydrates

large molecule formed of amino acids: responsible for many structures and functions

proteins

complex molecules made of nucleotides; includes DNA and RNA

nucleic acids

Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, and Iron

Trace Elements

pg. 272 animal cells

have centrioles, can have specialized compounds

pg. 272 plant cells

have cell walls, have chlorophyll, store energy in the form of starch or oils, and have a large central vacuole

what makes up the cell membrane

two layers of phospholipid molecules, the phosphate heads facing the out and insides of the cell, and the lipid tails facing each other, and proteins to facilitate movement

what technology was used to discern the proper structure of the cell membrane

electron microscopy

what is the name for the current model of the cell membrane discovered in 1972

Fluid-Mosaic Model

why is it called the FMM

a mosaic is a collection of different substances held together by a common material, like the proteins in the cell being held together by the lipid bilayer

what is the cell membrane considered to be?

selectively permeable

membranes that are selectively permeable are considered what?

semi-permeable

what are the four points of the particle model of matter?

all matter is made up of particles, particles are always moving, particles are attracted to each other, particles have space between

what is a concentration gradient?

the random movement of particles resulting in a net movement toward areas where concentration is lower, until a state of equilibrium is reached

what is equilibrium

when all the molecules are distributed evenly

what is passive transport

the movement of materials by the process of diffusion, requiring no energy.

diffusion across cell membranes

very small molecules can move between the phospholipid molecules of the cell membrane

the movement of water across membranes to reach equilibrium

osmosis

when a solution outside has higher concentration of solute than the cell, causing plasmolysis

hypertonic

water leaving the cell due to a hypertonic solution

plasmolysis

when a solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, causing cytolysis

hypotonic

water entering the cell due to a hypotonic solution

cytolysis

when a solution outside the cell has the same concentration of solute as inside the cell, where water will move freely in and out of the cell, but the concentrations will stay equal

isotonic

diffusion of molecules of across a membrane through binding with carrier proteins, doesn’t require energy. Occurs following a concentration gradient and is considered passive transport

facilitated diffusion

membrane bound proteins that help materials move across the membrane by changing shape

carrier proteins

transport proteins that form tunnel like pores in the membrane, filled with water, allowing the passage of charged ions in and out of the cell

channel proteins

the movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient, in which the carrier proteins work as a pump to move molecules or ions across the membrane. this process requires energy in the form of ATP

Active transport

energy stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate

ATP

cells taking in subsatnces that can’t be moved by passive/active transport using

endocytosis

the cell membrane forms a pocket around the material, enclosing it in a vesicle, transporting it to other places in the cell (the vesicle could also become a vacuole)

process of endocytosis

endocytosis in the form of investing large materials

phagocytosis

endocytosis in the form of the cell drinking small droplets of fluid

Pinocytosis

reverse endocytosis, important in the secretion of specialized cell products like enzymes or hormones

exocytosis

_______ that allow cells to ______ each other, that stick out of cells, important in bodily processes like the immune

recognization proteins

_____ that have binding sites for specific molecules, to bring them into the cell, or can trigger other processes int the cell if the right thing binds

receptor proteins

fluid filled sacs surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer, created in the 1960’s essential to delivering medicine/drugs to infected tissues

liposomes

liposomes in HIV and Cancer therapy

can circulate the body for much longer than other medicines, allowing more accurate, concentrated treatment

when blood is removed from the body before being cleansed by dialysate fluid, before being returned to the body. (happens in hospital)

Hemodialysis