astronomy test 2

compared to the other planets in our solar system Jupiter is the

largest

Jupiter and Saturn are mostly

hydrogen and helium

at the center of Jupiter and Saturn there is

a dense rocky core

because Jupiter is slowly shrinking it can

radiate more energy than it received from the sun

outside the core of Jupiter is a large layer of

liquid metallic hydrogen

high winds on Jupiter come from

heat getting from the center to the surface

Io has a surface

with lots of active volcanoes

Ganymede is

larger than mercury

under its surface Europa has

an ocean of liquor water

Callisto has a surface

covered with very old craters

the origin of Saturn's rings is most likely either a comet that got broken apart or

the moon that passed the Roche limit

breaks in the rings of Saturn are caused by

moons or resonances with moons

Enceladus has

an old crust saturated with craters

if you want to sit by the shore and enjoy a rainy day you should go to

titan

Saturn's moons janus and epimetheus

share an orbit

uranus has extreme seasonal variations because

its rotation axis is tilted close to the plane of its orbit

before Neptune was observed

it was predicted to exist based on the motion of Uranus

triton will eventually

crash into Neptune

terrestrial planets are

most dense smallest and least massive

the earths magnetic field protects us from

charged particles in the solar wind

earth once has a thick atmosphere if carbon dioxide like Venus. Earth no longer does because unlike Venus

the earth was cool enough for water vapor to form oceans

the earths atmosphere is now mostly

nitrogen and oxygen

the earths core is mostly

iron

the moon is covered with a fine powder called

regolith

the moon probably began as

part of the earth knocked out by an impact

because the earth rates faster than the moons orbits

the moon is drifting farther away from us

because mercury is in a 3 to 2 spin orbit coupling with the sun

3 sidereal days is 2 years

the lack of an atmosphere on the moon and mercury leads to

greater variations in temperature

Venus rates

slowly and retrograde

Venus is hotter than mercury because

Venus thick atmosphere created a greenhouse affect

for 2.5 billion years mars had

oceans of liquid water

because Phobos orbits in less than a martian day

it is slowly getting closer to mars

haumea, makemake, ceres, and eris are

dwarf planets

comets are made of

ices and rock

as comets pass close to the sun their surface

sublimates producing a coma

most comets are orbiting

in the Kuiper bely and Oort cloud

the talk of a comet always points

away from the sun

meteoroids are grouped by material being

stony iron or iron stony

meteoroids are made up of different things because

they were once part of larger differentiated bodies

a cloud of gas will collapse under its own gravity if it

becomes jeans unstable

the late heavy bombardment was an increase in impacts caused by

Jupiter and saturn migrating to their current positions.

carbonaceous chondrites contain

organic compounds

the largest volcano in the solar system Olympus mons is on

mars

when the crust of an object hardens then the interior hardens and shrinks this may produce a sharp cliff called

a scarp

plutos orbit takes it through the

Kuiper belt

a bolide is

a meteor that explodes in the air

there are tens of millions of asteroids in the asteroid belt

and they are on average one million kilometers apart

because of mars's low mass

it looses water vapor to space

what is the distance from sun in au to each of the following planets

Jupiter 5, mars 1.5 , neptune 30, uranus 20, saturn 10