Reproductive System Anatomy and Hormonal Regulation

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering male and female reproductive anatomy, processes, cellular structures, and reproductive hormones based on the lecture notes.

Reproduction

Process by which organisms produce offsprings.

Spermatogenic cells

Sperm forming cells.

Spermatogenesis

Development of spermatids into sperm.

Myometrium

Middle muscular layer of the uterus.

Oogenesis

Formation of gametes in the uterus.

Zona pellucida

Glycolipid that covers the oocyte.

Ovulation

Rupture of mature follicle and release of egg.

HCG

Hormone produced by the chorion of a developing embryo about 8 days after fertilization; detected in pregnancy tests.

Gametes

Sex cells, consisting of the female ovum/egg and male sperm.

Epidydimis

Site where sperm mature, stores sperm for several months, and absorbs degenerated sperm.

Cowpers gland

Sits below prostate, secretes alkaline fluid to buffer acidity in the urethra and vagina in addition to mucus to help lubricate and protect sperm.

Leydig cells

Cells found in testes that produce testosterone when stimulated by LH.

Acrosome

Head of sperm that contains enzymes needed for sperm to penetrate egg.

Mitosis

Division of somatic cells into identical two daughter cells.

Androgens

Male hormones.

Blood test barrier

Barrier formed by sertoli cells to protect developing sperm from the man's immune system.

Endometrium

Inner layer of uterus that contains stratum basalis that produces the stratum functionalis.

Corpus luteum

Temporary endocrine gland that secretes hormones to finish thickening endometrium.

Antrum

Fluid filled space that is found in secondary follicle, secreted by granulosa cells.

Perimetrium

Outer layer of uterus.

Cervix

Opening of the uterus into the vagina.

Polar body

Junk, excess DNA.

FSH

Released into anterior pituitary; in males targets sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis, and in females targets ovarian follicles for follicular growth.

LH

Released by anterior pituitary; in males stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone, and in females stimulates ovulation.

GnRH

Secreted by hypothalamus and targets anterior pituitary, stimulating it to release its LH and FSH.

Estrogen

Secreted by developing follicles in ovary; stipulates development of endometrium, secondary sex characteristics, protein anabolism, strong bones, lowers cholesterol, and inhibits GnRH and FSH.

Relaxin

Produced by corpus luteum; relaxes uterus by inhibiting contractions, opens hips, and dilates cervix at the end of pregnancy.

Progesterone

Secreted by corpus luteum; helps prepare endometrium for possible pregnancy and mammary glands, and inhibits GnRH and LH.

Inhibin

In females, secreted by growing follicles and corpus luteum to inhibit FSH and LH; in males, inhibits the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.

Androgen Binding Protein

Secreted by sertoli cells to bind testosterone to keep levels high.

Testosterone

Produced by leydig cells, fat soluble so diffuses easily into interstitial fluid and blood; made of cholesterol; stimulates spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, libido, and protein synthesis.

DHT

Formed when the enzyme 5 alpha reductase converts testosterone to DHT; important for sexual development of males.

Stratum Functionalis

The layer of the uterus that undergoes the greatest change during the uterine cycle is the

diploid zygote

sperm and ovum unite

parasympathetic stimulation

events is consistent with erection of the penis

epididymis

The tubular structure where sperm mature and become motile

which hormone influences the secretory phase part of uterine cycle

progesterone

The ovaries are homologous to what tissue in the male?

Testes

On average, in an adult female, ovulation occurs on day ____ of the uterine cycle

14

Where is testosterone produced

interstitial cells

final product of this process is two daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes

mitosis

The ovaries secrete all of the following EXCEPT

FSH

Which of these glands is correctly matched with the function of its secretions

seminal vessicles - contain large amounts of fructose, which nourishes the sperm cells

Which two hormones are necessary for sperm production

FSH and Testosterone

The most constant phase of uterine cycle

postovulatory phase

Menopause

develops when a follicles become less responsive to FSH and LH

major secretory product of a mature follicle is what

estrogen

What does the corpus luteum secrete

inhibin, relaxin, estrogen, progesterone

Whats the final product of meiosis

4 daughter cells and 23 chromosomes

what is the glans penis formed by

corpus spongiosum

The etiology of menses in the uterine cycle appears to be

decreased progesterone secreted by the ovary

epididymis

final maturation of sperm and sperm storage before ejaculation

ovulation is triggered by a surge of LH true or false

true

Which of the following is needed to convert Testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

5 alpha reductase

After ovulation, the mature follicle collapses, taking on a yellowish appearance to become the

corpus luteum

The first haploid (n) stage in oogenesis

secondary oocyte

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, one would normally expect

 all of these would occur in the proliferative phase

Progesterone level is low during the luteal phase. True or false

false

Which of the following is a primitive stem cell?

spermatogonium

If an adult male walked into a swimming pool or cold water, which of these muscles would probably contract? 

both the cremaster and the dartos muscle

Which of these factors cause a DECREASE in GnRH release?

increased testosterone

The DNA containing area of the sperm cell

head

Progesterone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics of females

false

Which type of arteries supply the stratum functionalis

spiral

The site of spermatogenesis in the male is the

 seminiferous tubules

LH in the male stimulates

testosterone production

A woman with a 28 day menstrual cycle is most likely to become pregnant as a result of intercourse on days

11-15

This process includes the phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase:

both meiosis and mitosis

Human ova and sperm are similar in that they both

have the same number of chromosomes

The ampulla of the uterine tube (fallopian tube):

is connected to the isthmus of the uterine tube

 An antrum may be visualized in a(n)

secondary follicle

This type of cell division used by bacteria to reproduce

binary fusion

The mixing up of maternal and paternal chromosomes as they move apart during anaphase I is called

independent assortment

The pairing up of homologous chromosomes during prophase I

is called

synapsis

what phase does crossing over happen

prophase 1 of meiosis

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of a fetal shunt called the:

foramen ovale

acrosomal reaction

entry of a sperm nucleus into an egg must be preceded

rapid mitotic cell divisions after a zygote forms

cleavage

hCG is secreted by the

chorion

The stage of conceptus that implants on the uterine wall is:

blastocyst

Which part of the decidua covers the embryo

decidua capsularis

A solid sphere of cells still surrounded by the zona pellucida

morula