Life Cycle Nutrition Exam 2

Infant Mortality

Death occurring within the first year of life

What are the two most important predictors of infant survival and later health

Age and birth weight

What factors are associated with infant mortality

Maternal health, medical care access and quality, socioeconomic conditions, and public health practices

What measurements are used to assess infant growth

Birth weight, length, weight for length, and head circumference

What does AGA mean

Appropriate for gestational age

What does SGA mean

Small for gestational age

What does LGA mean

Large for gestational age

What is IUGR

intrauterine growth restriction

When do infants typically doubles their birth weight?

By 4-6 months of age

When do infants typically triple their birth weight?

By 1 year of age

By what age does an infants length increase by 50%

By end of first year of life

What are the energy needs of infants in kcal/kg

Approximately 90-

exclusive breastfeeding

1st 6 months of life

metabolic cost top mother of EBF Infant

380-600 kcal/day

additional protein needs for breastfeeding mother

25g (1.05 g/kg/day))

carbohydrates need for breastfeeding mother

45-65% of daily cals (~210 g/day)

fat needs for breastfeeding mother

1.3 g omega-3 fatty acid/day

What has more of what babies need? Breastmilk or Formula?

Breastmilk

what are the components of human milk?

colostrum and mature milk

colostrum

Birth (prenatal) to days 3-5 of life, rich in immunoglobins, high protein, lower in fats and carbs, natural laxative

mature milk

day ~5, volume increases, higher in fat and carbs, lactose is the primary carb, whey is the primary protein

What is mature milk mainly composed of?

water ~88.1%

should babies be on a feeding schedule?

NOOOOOO

normal weight gain for baby?

4-7 oz/week and/OR 1-2 lb/month

how any feedings per 24 hours

8-12 feedings / 24 hours

how often should baby be swallowing?

every 2-3

latching best practices

wide mouth, chin anchored to breast, extended neck, body aligned, asymmetrical

prolactin

anterior pituitary gland, causes milk production

oxytocin

released by posterior pituitary gland

full term infant

born at 38-42 weeks

normal birthweight

2500 - 3800 g / 5.5 - 8.5 lbs

pre term infants

born at or before 37 weeks

low birthweight

less than 2500 g

very low birthweight

less than 1500 grams

extremely low birthweight

less than 1000 grams

weight gain by 4-6 weeks

birthweight doubled

weight gain by 1 year old

tripled birthweight

anthropometric measures

birthweight, length, weight for length, head circumference

AGA

appropriate for gestational age

SGA

small for gestational age

IUGR

intrauterine growth retardation

LGA

large for gestational age

when can solid foods be introduced

6 months of age

feeding reflexes

rooting, sucking, swallowing, gag, extrusion

energy needs for infant

90-110 kcal/kg of body weight

protein needs for infant (birth to 6 mo.)

1.52g/kg

protein needs for infant (7 mo. to 12 mo.)

1.2 g/kg

which has higher protein levels? formula or breastmilk

formula

cognitive development of infants affected by

• severe/acute malnutrition

• chronic undernutrition

• iron deficiency anemia

• iodine deficiency

• environmental interaction

what can healthy newborn digest at birth

fats, protein, simple sugars

common digestive system issues in infants

• gastroesophageal reflux (GER) ; spit up

• diarrhea

• constipation

• colic

first 1000 days ranges from

conception to 2 years of age

50% of calories in breast milk

fat

where does fat supply energy to

liver, brain, and muscles

fat provides

essential fatty acids

fat facilitates

fat soluble vitamin absorption

fluid needs are met by what for the first 6 mo. of life?

breastmilk/formula

maintenance fluid needs

100ml/kg

intake of fluids for nutrient needs

140-160 ml/kg

does juice help meet fluid needs

absolutely not

exclusive breast feeding is recommended for how long?

first 6 months, then continuation onto 1 year

RTF Formula

Ready to feed

sterile until opened

MOST EXPENSIVE OPTION

powder formula

1 scoop/2 oz of h2o

CHEAPEST OPTION

avoid for immunocompromised babies

liquid concentrate formula

1 oz concentrate/1 oz h2o

sterile until mixed

difficult to travel with

caloric density of formula

20 cal/oz

DRI of formula

750 mL

cows milk

not appropriate for 1st year of life

deficient in iron, excessive protein

goats milk

deficient in b12 and folate

rice/soy/almond milks

lacking in many nutrients

signs to begin solids

birthweight doubled

loss of extrusion reflex

time range to begin solids?

6 months, some as early as 4 months

foods introduced at 4-6 months

single grain cereal (mixed w formula/breastmilk)

continuing formula/breastmilk

fruits and veggies

foods introduced at 6-8 months

thicker consistencies

more variety (meat/avocado/blueberries)

drinking from cup

foods introduced at 9-12 months

finger foods

table foods

teething biscuits

foods to avoid in 1st year

cows milk

tree nuts

peanuts

shellfish

citrus

honey (botulism)

choking hazards (grapes, popcorn)