unit 3 human geo modules 18-24

is

A society ____ constrained by the available tech

material culture

physical objects made/used by cultural group

Non-material culture

intangible range of beliefs, values, myths, symbolism

more resistant

Local cultures pass down from generation to generation and are _____ to change

great influence

In popular cultures the youth usually drive change and have ______

cultural attitudes

attitudes that are shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, and perspectives

language, religion, ethnicity

3 main culture traits…

language

mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication, the main vehicle of the passing down of cultural customs and beliefs

Religion

structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe

ethnic group

consists of people of common ancestry and cultural tradition

*different ethnic groups base their identity on different traits

*membership to an ethnic group is largely involuntary

*race is a factor in determining ethnicity

ethnic geography

study of spatial aspects of ethnicity

social construct

race is a ________, therefore the def. of race changes over time

cultural relativism

Human rights > ___________

physical landscape

natural surroundings that create and shape places we live in, anything a human didn’t make

industrial/economic landscape

societies economic actives reflected on landscape

agricultural landscape

dominant feature of a rural landscape

architectural landscape

human-made buildings for living or aesthetics

Modernist architecture

early 1900s and featured clean lines and functional design

Post-Modernist Architecture

60s-70s as a counter to Modernism and included color, cool geometry, and historical references.

often differ from

Ethnic and racial landscapes ____________ landscapes of dominant culture

urban-ethnic landscape

ethnic cultural landscape in an urban setting

linguistic landscape

language usage in landscape

religious landscape

landscape includes places of worship or sacred sites

secular

there can be _________ versions of scared space (9/11 memorials in NYC)

gendered landscape

gender specific messaging in landscape (street signs portraying gender roles, nation portrayed as an idealized or allegorical woman)

heritage or history in cultural landscape

art, monuments, and buildings tell story of history/heritage and honor/celebrate it

iconoclasm

destruction of statues, monuments, plaques, and other religious/political landscape elements

cultural attitudes in landscape

invisible elements of culture and beliefs/attitude affect landscape (airport and plane security after 9/11, lack of trash cans in Japan public space)

sense of place

peoples perception of a place (tourism depends on creating interest around a strong sense of place)

place making

efforts to use/design public space to better serve community or unite community

centripetal force

one that unites people and communities (in general sameness leads to less conflict and tension in a society, so diverse societies need some other unifying force to encourage a sense of community)

centrifugal force

forces that threaten the cohesion of people, communities

examples of centripetal force

Islam in Pakistan (religion), Chinatown in NYC or large U.S cities (language/ethnicity)

examples of centrifugal force

Sunni vs Shiite Islam (religion), trad values vs non-trad values/secularism (religion), Chinatown vs West coast U.S cities (ethnicity)

relocation diffusion

individual/groups bring their ideas and culture to where they migrate

expansion diffusion

ideas/practice spread throughout pop. from a hearth

Hierarchical Diffusion

from one social class to another

contagious diffusion

spread of idea from exposure and spreads from person to person disregarding social hierarchy (like a virus)

stimulus diffusion

idea is accepted but certain traits are removed

absorbing barriers

any barriers to diffusion that completely halt the spread of a cultural trait or culture, for example the North Korean Border (few absorbing barriers are completely effective or persist forever)

permeable barriers

allow innovations/ideas to diffuse partially in a weakened way, for example language in media must be dubbed or changed for foreign audiences to understand it making language a permeable barriers

pidgin language

very small vocab derived from at least 2+ groups in contact, primarily for trade or commerce

creole language

pidgin acquires fuller vocab and becomes a fully fledged language

creolization

linguistic process where languages coverage and create new languages and forms of communication

lingua franca

language of communication and commerce across a wide area where it is not mother tongue

empire

sovereign political entities that seek to expand beyond original territory

imperialism

motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory

colonialism

act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory which becomes a colony

have been

colonialism and imperialism __________ at the root of many atrocities

ethnic/racial divides

European colonialism frequently drew on existing ________ in colonized societies

Most

____ imperial nations have given up their colonial empires

most influential

The __________ tech for diffusing language is writing

the native culture affects the colonizers culture (example: British officials in India adopting the cultural traits of India)

The colonizer affects the native cultures and…

tensions

There can be _______ between people inside and outside the cultural mainstream

identify themselves by cultural differences from a countries dominant group

Ethnic groups often…

urban centers for inspo

Popular cultures often draw upon…

transforms/reshapes

Urbanization also ____________ existing culture to fit changing times

indigenous cultures

Globalization allows _________ from across the world yo support and preserve eachothers’s cultures

have resisted

Many ethnic groups ____________ to globalization in preservation efforts. Some believe exposure to Western cultural practices encourages indigenous peoples to shed locally distinctive traits.

face pressure to

Ethnic minority groups ____________ assert identities in the majority society

time-space convergence

phenomena whereby the introduction of new transport tech reduces the time it takes to travel, is associated with modern times

language modification

shortening words for convenience or emotional impact

alphabetic writing system

letters represent discrete sounds that are strung together to form a word

syllabic writing system

characters represent blocks or word sounds

logogryphic writing system

characters represent entire words

endangered languages

those not taught to children and not used actively

threatens

lingua franca _________ endangered languages

extinct languages

only a few elderly speakers or no speakers at all

language hotpots

places with the most unique or endangered tongues

reappear and thrive in new places

Threatened languages may ______________________ as speakers migrate for cultural or economic survival

Tech

__________ can help preserve or revive endangered tongues

convergence hypothesis

idea that cultures are converging and becoming more alike

glocalization

adapting global practices to fit local cultures and preference

recreate

When an ethnic group expands beyond its hearth through migration, the group attempts to __________ traits in a new place

clearly defined

Ethnic groups often occupy ___________ areas in new place

more important

Recreated traits can become ____________ outside of hearth than inside

dialect

regional variations in language

Semetic religious hearth

Islam, Christianity, and Judaism developed among people in the Middle East

Indus-Ganga religious hearth

Hindu and Buddhism developed in India

East Asian Religious Hearth

Confucianism and Taoism developed in China

more likely

Universalizing religions are ____________ to diffuse than ethnic religions

pagan

those who follow an unconventional or ancient religion

proselytic

a religion that spreads its message to others through missionary work

language families

groups of related languages that share a common ancestry

Indo-European language family subfamilies

Romance, Slavic, Germanic, Indic, Celtic, Iranic

Antolian hypothesis

theory that Indo-European language family spread through plant domestication

Kurgan Hypothesis

theory that the Indo-European language family spread through the domestication of horses by Kurgans in central Asia allowed them to conquer places and impose language

Sino-Tibetan language family and subfamilies

originated in China and Southeast Asia with Sino and Tietbeto-Burman subfamilies

Afro-Asiatic language sub-families

Semetic (Arabian peninsula to Atlantic ocean) and Hamitic (exclusively Africa)

toponym

name of a place

generic toponym

tells what kind of place is being described (lake, mount, bay, island, city) in the name

specific toponym

tied to a specific place and belongs exclusively to one or a couple places for specific identification

Juedo-Christian

elements shared by Judaism and Christianity

sub culture

groups within a dominant culture with distinctive norms, values, or practices

transculturism

notion that people adopt elements of other cultures as well as contribute elements of their own culture

syncretism

blending beliefs, practices, ideas, and traits (Especially in religious context)

syncretic religions

religions with the combined elements of 2+ belief systems

orthodox religions

emphasize purity of faith and are generally not open to blending with elements of other belief systems

stable anchor

religion provides a ______________ in changing times for many people