AP HuGe Chapter 5 Vocab

Migration

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Voluntary Migration

People who move in search of a better life.

Push Factors

Negative circumstances, event, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave.

Pull Factors

A condition or circumstance at a destination that attracts migrants to move there.

Immigrant

A person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently.

Emigrant

A person who leaves their native country and moves to a different one permanently.

Emigrate

People migrating away from somewhere.

Xenophobia

A strong dislike of people of another culture.

Migration Transition Model

A theory that a country's migration patterns change predictably as it goes through the stages of development.

Intervening Obstacles

Barriers that make migrants that are trying to reach their destination more difficult.

Intervening Opportunity

A positive environmental, economic, political, or social factor that occurs during a migrant's journey, causing them to stop and settle before reaching their original destination.

Distance Decay

The further apart two places are, the less likely that people will migrate between those places.

Gravity Model of Migration

The model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity.

Step Migration

A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.

Rural-to-Urban Migration

The voluntary, internal movement of people from countryside and agricultural areas to cities and towns.

Remittance

the money that a migrant worker earns in a destination country and sends back to family or community members in their country of origin.

Counter Migration

for every major group of people moving from Country A to Country B, there is almost always a smaller group moving from Country B back to Country A.

Return Migration

Immigrants moving back to their former home.

Forced Migration

a permanent movement compelled usually by cultural, political, or environmental factors rather than personal choice.

Internally Displaced Person (IDPs)

Someone forced to flee their home due to violence, conflict, or disasters who stays within their own country's borders.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to flee their home country due to war, violence, or persecution based on race, religion, nationality, or political opinion, and has crossed an international border to seek safety.

Asylum

Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns.

Brain Drain

When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people.

Internal Migration

The permanent or semi-permanent movement of people within the borders of a single country.

Transitional Migration

a type of voluntary migration where individuals cross international borders while maintaining active social, economic, and political ties to their home country.

Chain Migration

a type of voluntary movement where people migrate to a specific location because their family members or community members have already settled there.

Guest Workers

a voluntary migrant who moves temporarily to another country on a work visa or government program to fill labor shortages, with the expectation of returning home.

Transhumance

The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons.

Guest-Worker Policies

Government regulations that control the number of foreign workers who can enter a country temporarily to work in specific industries for a set period.

Family Reunification

The official legal process that allows separated family members (such as spouses, minor children, and sometimes elderly dependents) to join a relative who has already migrated to and settled in a new country.

Ethnic Enclaves

A geographic area—usually a neighbourhood within a larger city—where a high concentration of a specific ethnic or minority group clusters together and maintains its distinct language, culture, food, religion, and traditions.