APUSH Chapter 7 Key Terms and Concepts Princeton Review

Checks and balances

A system in which the different parts of an organization (such as a government) have powers that affect and control the other parts so that no part can become too powerful

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775-76 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Written in clear and persuasive prose, Paine marshaled moral and political arguments to encourage common people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government. It was published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution, and became an immediate sensation.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

He created a financial plan that would create a national bank, pay off war debts, and put a tariff on exported goods that would hopefully encourage industrialization in America.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.

Loose constructionism

One favoring liberal construction of the Constitution of the U.S. to give broader powers to the federal government

Nullification

A legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.

Republican Motherhood

An attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution. It centered on the belief that the Patriots' daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation. In this way, the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children.

Strict constructionism

A particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation.

Virtual representation

The members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway. Virtual Representation was the British response to the First Continental Congress in the American colonies.

Washington's Farewell Address

A letter written announcing Washington would not seek re-election after his second term. It is a classic statement of republicanism, warning Americans of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values.

Battle of Concord

British went to seize weapons from Concord but they were hidden elsewhere and the soldiers began to set fire to some buildings. The colonists charged and the British retreated.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy, including support from the British led by Captain Alexander McKillop, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory (an area north of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and southwest of the Great Lakes). This ultimately led to the American offensive and subsequent British-Indian withdrawal from the territory altogether. The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until Tecumseh's War and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

Battle of Lexington

"The shot heard across the world." The first battle of the American Revolution. The British attempted to steal weapons and capture American patriots, John Adams and Hancock but Paul Revere warned the Americans with his famous statement, "the British are coming."

Boston Massacre

Was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers killed five male civilians and injured six others. The incident was heavily propagandized by leading Patriots, such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams, to fuel animosity toward the British authorities.

Boston Tea Party

Was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16, 1773. The demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor.

French Revolution

A period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond.

Haitian Revolution

A successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint Domingue that lasted from 1791 until 1804. It impacted the institution of slavery throughout the Americas.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754-1763). Warriors from numerous tribes joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region.

French and Indian War

The North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.

Shay's Rebellion

Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels (called Shaysites) in rising up against perceived economic injustices and suspension of civil rights (including multiple evictions and foreclosure notices) by Massachusetts, and in a later attempt to capture the United States' national weapons arsenal at the U.S. Armory at Springfield. Although Shays' Rebellion met with defeat militarily against a privately raised militia, it prompted numerous national leaders (including George Washington, who came out of retirement to deal with issues raised by Shays' Rebellion) to call for a stronger national government to suppress future rebellions, resulting in the U.S. Constitutional Convention and according to historian Leonard L. Richards, "fundamentally altering the course of U.S. history."

Whiskey Rebellion

A tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. The tax was resisted by farmers in the western frontier regions who were long accustomed to distilling their surplus grain and corn into whiskey. Washington rode at the head of an army to suppress the insurgency. The rebels all went home before the arrival of the army, and there was no confrontation. About 20 men were arrested, but all were later acquitted or pardoned.

XYZ Affair

A political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War. The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin. Although such demands were not uncommon in mainland European diplomacy of the time, the Americans were offended by them, and eventually left France without ever engaging in formal negotiations.

Abigail Adams

She is now designated the first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States, although these titles were not in use at the time. Adams's life is one of the most documented of the first ladies: she is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. The letters serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front.

Adam Smith

A Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the father of modern economics and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today.

Alexander Hamilton

He was a member of the Continental Congress, an author of the Federalist Papers, a champion of the Constitution and the first secretary of the Treasury, where he helped found the first national bank, the U.S. Mint and a tax collection bureau that would later become the U.S. Coast Guard. Troubled by personal and political scandals in his later years, Hamilton was shot and killed in one of history's most infamous duels by one of his fiercest rivals, the then Vice President Aaron Burr, in July 1804.

Anti-Federalists

Democrat-Republicans & adhere to constitution & small federal government & power in state & all have land

Chief Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami Confederacy, signed the Treaty of Greenville with America to help limit the ability of the US to determine the Indians' fates.

Committees of Correspondence

Shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. They coordinated responses to England and shared their plans; by 1773 they had emerged as shadow governments, superseding the colonial legislature and royal officials.

Democratic-Republican Party

Anti Federalists & adhere to constitution & small federal government & power in state & all have land

East India Tea Company

Was an English and later British joint-stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the East Indies but ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and Qing China. Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpeter, tea, and opium.

Federalists

Permanent government & BIG government & Adams & Whiskey Rebellion

George III

King of Britain during the American Revolution

***Declared the colonies in a state of rebellion in August 1775, and within a single month, employed thousands of Hessians

George Grenville

Was a Prime Minister, he was ordered to enforce the Navigation Laws to help pay the British debt from the French and Indian War. He made the Sugar Act of 1764, the Quartering Act of 1765, and the WORST the Stamp Act of 1765.

Said that colonists had "virtual representation"

George Washington

Was a part of the Continental Congress that wrote the Declaration of Rights.

Was elected to lead an army by the Second Continental Congress.

After 2 terms as President, stepped down and advised against "permanent alliances."

Iroquois

A historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the "Iroquois League", and later as the "Iroquois Confederacy", and to the English as the "Five Nations" (before 1722), and later as the "Six Nations", comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora peoples.

James Madison

After the ratification of the Constitution, this man, was appointed to draft the Bill of Rights

***He received the necessary 2/3 Congress majority for those first 10 amendments, and by 1791, the necessary number of states had ratified it

president in 1808 and quickly signed the 1810 Macon's Bill #2, which was part of the reason for the War of 1812

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France and across Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the overall development of modern political and educational thought.

John Adams

Sent 3 operatives to speak with the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand- known as the XYZ Affair.

Made a deal with Napoleon Bonaparte known as the Co

invention of 1800. Believed in Laissez-faire policy. Passed Alien and Sedition Acts and was the 2nd president from 1797-1801.

John Dickinson

A Founding Father of the United States, was a solicitor and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published individually in 1767 and 1768. As a member of the First Continental Congress, where he was a signer to the Continental Association, Dickinson drafted most of the 1774 Petition to the King, and then as a member of the Second Continental Congress wrote the 1775 Olive Branch Petition, two attempts to negotiate with King George III of Great Britain.

John Jay

Secretary of Foreign Affairs, was a Federalist, the first Chief Justice. He was sent to Britain- Hamilton had already leaked info to them- and formed Jay's Treaty followed by Pinckney's Treaty with Spain.

Loyalists

Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War. At the time they were often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men; Patriots called them "persons inimical to the liberties of America."

Mercy Otis Warren

During the years before the American Revolution, Warren published poems and plays that attacked royal authority in Massachusetts and urged colonists to resist British infringements on colonial rights and liberties.

Minutemen

Minutemen were private colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies self-trained in weaponry, tactics and military strategies from the American colonial partisan militia during the American Revolutionary War. They were also known for being ready in a minute's notice. They provided a highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond immediately to war threats, hence the name.

Patrick Henry

Famous for the phrase "Give me liberty, or give me death" and for his involvement in the American Revolution

***Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and after the war, he was one of the most important Anti-Federalists to support the Bill of Rights

Patriots

Those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who violently rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation.

Paxton Boys

The Paxton Boys were frontiersmen of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. They are widely known for murdering 21 Susquehannock in events collectively called the Conestoga Massacre.

Redcoats

Soldiers of the British Army and Royal Marines because of the red uniforms formerly worn by the majority of regiments.

Scots-Irish

American descendants of Presbyterian and other Ulster Protestant Dissenters from the Irish province of Ulster who migrated to North America during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Sons of Liberty

The Sons of Liberty was an organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765.

Thomas Jefferson

Was put in charge of drafting the Declaration of Independence by the Philadelphia Congress.

As President, he believed in "strict construction" of the Constitution (anti-banking ideas of Hamilton).

Wrote the Kentucky Resolution in secret.

Thomas Paine

Wrote "Common Sense," which called for independence from the British.

Concord and Lexington, Massachusetts

Areas of the first battles of the American Revolution.

3/5 Compromise

A compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during 1787 the United States Constitutional Convention. The effect was to give the southern states third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored, but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally, allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861.

Albany Plan of Union

A plans to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies suggested by Benjamin Franklin. The Plan represented one of multiple early attempts to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary defense and other general important purposes."

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four bills passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798. They made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (Naturalization Act), allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous (Alien Friends Act) or who were from a hostile nation (Alien Enemies Act), and criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government (Sedition Act). Led to John Adams losing the next election. Passed due to XYZ Affair.

Annapolis Convention

A national political convention held September 11-14, 1786 at Mann's Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, in which twelve delegates from five states-New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia-gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected.

Articles of Confederation

An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It's drafting by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress began on July 12, 1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all thirteen states was completed in early 1781. The government under the Articles was superseded by a new constitution and federal form of government in 1789. The weak central government, strong states rights.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787-88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people.

Constitution

The supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it.

Continental Army

The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.

Currency Act

The Currency Act is any of several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America. The Acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency. The policy created tension between the colonies and Great Britain and was cited as a grievance by colonists early in the American Revolution

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. Instead, they formed a new nation—the United States of America.

Declaratory Act

An Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 and the changing and lessening of the Sugar Act. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act because boycotts were hurting British trade and used the declaration to justify the repeal and save face. The declaration stated that the Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies.

First Bank of the US

Was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first de facto central bank.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that met on September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to "The passage of the Coercive Acts" (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament. The Intolerable Acts had punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. The Congress was attended by 56 delegates appointed by the legislatures of the thirteen colonies. Georgia declined to send delegates because they were hoping for British assistance with Native American problems on their frontier and did not want to upset the British.

Franco-American Alliance

-France will be in a war until the US is independent

-neither side will sign a peace treaty without consulting each other

-respect each other's territory in North America

-France promised they wouldn't seek Canada or any other British claimed territory

Great Compromise(Connecticut Compromise)

An agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house.

Intolerable Acts

Parliament Passed the "Intolerable Acts"

In 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges).

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

National Bank

1791 to 1811; Hamilton modeled it after Bank of England; Paid dividends & interest to government, which was the source of revenue; Provided Flexible Currency; Created adequate credit for business; Generated revenue for national government; Hamilton's supporters, members of the Federalist Party, Mercantile, eastern groups, & Friends of strong central government; Died when Republicans gained political power & by 1811 controlled Washington; Madison's government did not renew its charter; Federalists claimed it was "necessary & proper" under the "elastic clause" in Constitution; Republicans thought Bank violated the Constitution; Great struggle between loose or strict translation of Constitution

New Jersey Plan

Called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation

Northwest Ordinance

Law that described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed

The bill had many democratic rights

As the territory grew in population it would gain rights to self-government

Olive Branch Petition

During the 1770s, the second continental congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III requesting to settle their differences peacefully without going to war. King George III rejects the petition outright. He claims the colonies are in open rebellion and if they continue in their rebellion they will all be put to death as traitors. The significance is that this is the point of no return and what seals the fate of the colonies. They now know that this means war with England and if they lose they will be executed.

Pinckney's Treaty

Under this settlement, Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and to deposit goods at New Orleans for reloading on oceangoing ships, agreed to make Florida's northern boundary at the 31 parallel, and commanded its authorities to prevent the Indians in Florida from launching raids north across the border.

Proclamation of 1763

The proclamation of 1763 was a law that forbade the colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains

Proclamation of Neutrality

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Quebec Act

The Quebec Act was also passed in 1774 but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.

Second Continental Congress

Met in 1775. They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Stamp Act

1765 George Grenville imposed this measure to raise revenue in support of the new military force. The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of the tax.

Sugar Act

First law passed by Parliament that raised tax revenues in the colonies for the crown. It increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Townshend Acts

Named for Charles Townshend, head of British ministry. Persuaded Parliament to pass these regulations with an import duty on glass, while leading, paper and paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports.

Treaty of Paris

Ended the American Revolutionary War and Britain acknowledged the United States to be sovereign and independent. This treaty, along with the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American cause—France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic—are known collectively as the Peace of Paris. Its territorial provisions were "exceedingly generous" to the United States in terms of enlarged boundaries.

Virginia Plan

A plan by James Madison, for a new "national" government, its controversial ideas causing much debate at the convention. It called for a legislature of two houses; the lower house would be represented in the proportion of the population, and the upper house was elected by the lower. But this idea favored larger states over smaller.