Lesson 4: The Self in Western and Eastern Thought

Confucianism
Taoism
Buddhism

Eastern concepts of the “Self”

Confucianism

• A person should develop good character and fulfill their responsibilities toward others to maintain harmony in society.

• The self is understood through one's relationships, responsibilities, and role in society.

Confucius (Kongzi)

Important Figure of confucianism

Self Cultivation

continuously developing one’s character and becoming a better and more virtuous person

Taoism

• The self is part of nature and the universe rather than being completely separate from them.

• A person should live naturally and follow the flow of the universe instead of constantly trying to control or force things.

Laozi

Important Figure of Taoism

Tao

the natural way or flow of the universe.

Buddhism

• There is no permanent or unchanging self.

• Attachment to the idea of a fixed self can lead to suffering.

• Craving and attachment cause suffering, so a person should learn to let go of them.

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

Important figure of Buddhism

Nirvana

liberation from suffering, craving, and attachment.

Individualistic Self
Self Sufficiency
The Self being rational

Western Concepts of the “Self”

Individualistic Self

• The self is independent and autonomous.

• Success means achieving one's personal goals.

• Independence from others is highly valued.

Self-Sufficiency

• The self should be able to meet its own needs without relying on others.

• A person should use their own resources, knowledge, and abilities to achieve their goals.

The Self Being Rational

• The self is expected to be logical and reasonable.

• Decisions should be based on reason and logic rather than emotions or metaphysical ideas.

• Things considered illogical are often rejected.

Individualism

• Focuses on personal goals and success.

• Individual rights are very important.

• Independence is highly valued.

• People are encouraged to do things on their own.

• Depending on others may be seen as shameful or weak.

• People see themselves more as individuals.

• People strive for their own success and achievements.

Collectivism

• Focuses on the goals and well-being of the group.

• The needs of family, community, and society can come before individual needs.

• Unity and cooperation are highly valued.

• People are encouraged to work together and help one another.

• Depending on and supporting others is normal and valued.

• People see themselves as part of a family, community, or nation.

• People strive for the success and well-being of the group.