NCE and CPCE Study Guide

What does CACREP stand for?

the Council for the Accreditation and Counseling Related Educational Programs

What does CCE stand for?

Center for Credentialing and Education, inc

What does REBT stand for and who is the main theorist associated with it?

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; Ellis.

Name Freud's Psychosexual stages of development.

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (Mnemonic device: Oh, Anthony, Please Let's Go!)

Describe Erik Erikson's stages.

Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.)

define psychometric.

pertaining to mental testing and measurement

define psychodiagnostic

the study of personality through interpretation of behavior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category.

define psychopharmacology

the study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions.

What is the id?

the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused.

What is the ego?

this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check.

What is the superego?

the superego is the moralistic and idealistic principle in the Freudian theory.

Which group of theorists believe "if you can't measure it, it doesn't exist"?

Behaviorists. They focus on O.O.B. The observable, objective behaviors. (My AP psych teacher in HS called it the O.O.B. tampon. gross, but it helped me remember it!)

Who is the only psychoanalyst with a developmental theory that covered the entire lifespan?

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial stages covered the entire lifespan. Each stage has a crisis or turning point.

What theory is A. A. Brill associated with?

Career theory

Milton H. Erickson is associated with...

Brief psychotherapy and hypnosis.

What field is Jean Piaget associated with?

Cognitive Child Development

Who is Jay Haley and what is the nature of his contribution to counseling?

Haley is most famous for his work on strategic and problem-solving therapy, more specifically with his use of the paradox technique. He also studied with Milton Erickson.

Arnold Lazarus

He is a known behavioral therapist who worked specifically with methods of desensitization and phobias. He is most associated with Multimodal Therapy.

William Perry

He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.)

Ed Neukrug

Also a cognitive developmentalist. His work is similar to Perry's. He noted that college students initially think that their professor has all the answers (dualistic), but gradually get to a more relativistic way of thinking and realize that answers exist that are relative to a given situation. (Memory technique: "What do you THINK about Ed nuking the rug??" Think= cognitive dev, Ed Neukrug.)

Robert Kegan

Yet another adult cognitive developmentalist. SPecifically with interpersonal development. His theory was called the Constructive Model of Development- people construct reality throughout the lifespan.

What are Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development in order?

Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Concrete; Formal. These stages must occur in order, but may be experienced at varying ages.

What is the major critique of Jean Piaget's research?

He spent too much time observing his own kids, and thus drawing his conclusions from a small, specific, population.

Who formulated the very first intelligence test?

Alfred Binet. In France. Oh la la!

What is a t test?

Also known as the Student's t, it is a statistical test used in formal experiments to determine if a statistical significance exists between the means of two normally distributed groups.

Define Conservation.

A substance's mass, weight, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. It most likely refers to volume and mass, though. A child who has not mastered this concept will not have flexible thinking. (Mastered during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage 7-11 years)

Symbolic Schema

A schema is a system where the child tests out things in the physical world. An example of a symbolic schema is when a child uses a pie plate as a steering wheel (because it fits into the schema they have created for "Steering Wheel") This occurs in the Preoperational Stage.

David Elkind's research supports what Piagetian concept?

Elkind's statistical research supports Piaget's principle of conservation, with mass being the first and most easily understood concept for children, followed by weight and volume respectively.

Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of what type of development?

Moral development.

Define Epigenetic

Epigenetic is the biological term borrowed from embryology. Each stage emerges from the one before it. It is systematic and follows a specific order.

Who is the father of American Behaviorism?

John B. Watson. He coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912.

define Reversability.

the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.

Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)?

He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention.

What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories?

Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow.

Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development?

Lawrence Kohlberg

A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an example of what characteristic?

Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of another person.

Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional

The Post-Conventional stage is also called the....

Personal Integrity, or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level

What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess?

It is part of Kohlberg's morality development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario.

Who is the father of Analytic Psychology?

Carl Jung

Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

What is biofeedback?

Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold.

From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"?

Erik Erikson, because his psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage.

RS factors

RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work.

What is Positive Psychology?

a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness.

What concept is Martin Segliman known for?

The concept of Learned Helplessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present.

What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for?

he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex.

What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development?

child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior.

What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage?

individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation.

What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage?

(also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level)

Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level?

under 40%.

What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional stage of moral development?

Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr.

What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages?

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)

Harry Stack Sullivan

postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence.

what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations?

similar to Erikson, biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural demands of society

A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage?

Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life and feels it has been worthwhile.

What is a Periodic Fugue State?

an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home, often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and become screen writers...)

Counter-Conditioning

A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. (systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example)

Good boy/good girl orientation

is a sublevel of the conventional stage of moral development in which a person is concerned with approbation and the ability to please others in order to achieve recognition.

Hedonism

a concept that arises in the preconventional stage of moral development. the child thinks, "if I am nice to others, others will be nice and give me what I want".

What is the Zone of Proximal Development

pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning)

what theory is organ inferiority associated with?

Alfred Adler's individual psychology.

Maturationist Theory

behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.

What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor?

to unleash the inborn abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics.

John Bowlby

he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life.

object loss

Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors.

symbiosis

Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver. Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis.

In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur?

Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity= productive, happy, looks out for others.

Daniel Levinson

wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later.

Harry Harlow

the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation and rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment is an innate tendancy. Monkeys in isolation developed abnormal behaviors, and showed signs of dysfunction when placed with normal monkeys.

Who continued Harlow's research and provided evidence to support his attachment theories extend to humans?

Rene Spitz- noted that kids raised in impersonal institutions cried more, had trouble sleeping,had more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression.

Anaclitic Depression

term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life.

Arnold Gesnell

maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was determined by genetics, therefore a child must be ready in order to accept a certain level of education.

What are Freud's Stages considered?

Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital)

What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered?

Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65-Death: Integrity vs. Despair

What is emphasized in Freudian Theory?

Instincts

What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)?

man's powers of reasoning to control behavior

Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?

Erik Erikson

What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts?

The id

What is also known as the reality principle?

The Ego

What concept does William Perry stress?

Dualistic Thinking

What is Dualistic Thinking?

common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white.

What is relativistic thinking?

Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation. There is more then one way to view the world.

What does Robert Kegan stress?

A model on Interpersonal Development

What is Interpersonal Development?

A "Constructive Model of Development" meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan.

List Jean Piaget's stages in order.

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations.

What does conservation mean in Piaget's theory?

the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.

According to Piaget when does a child master conservation?

During Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years old). This occurs during the time they are able to count mentally as well.

Who is the leading theorist in Moral Development?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of Moral Development?

Lawrence Kohlberg

According to Lev Vygotsky why do stages unfold?

Due to educational intervention

Define Epigenetic.

Each developmental stage emerges from the one before it.

Who is the father of American Behaviorism?

John B. Watson (he coined Behaviorism in 1912).

Define the concept of reversibility and when does it occur according to Piaget?

Occurs in the 3rd Stage, Concrete Operations. Says one can undo an action, hence an object can return to it's initial shape.

How are kids generally in Piaget's Preoperational Thought Stage?

Egocentric (the rain is following me). The child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else.

How many levels of moral development does Kohlberg's Theory have and name them?

Three Levels. Preconventional, Convential, and Postconventional. (Each level is then broken down into two stages).

What does the Heinz Story do for Kohlberg?

It is a way to assess the level and stage of moral development one is at.

Where does the term "Identity Crisis" come from?

Erik Erikcon

What is Alfred Adler the founder of?

Individual Psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex.

Describe each of Kohlberg's Level of Morality.

Preconvential- child responds to consequences, reward and punishment play a big role here.

Conventional- individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation.

Postconvential- hard to reach. Individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. A key issue is the common good of society.