Psych - LEC 1+2

5 stages of psychosexual development

1) Oral stage

2) Anal stage

3) Phallic stage

4) Latency stage

5) Genital stage

Oral stage

Forceful feeding: underfed - oral passive: trusting dependency; Overfed - oral aggressive: aggressive, dominating

Anal stage

Toilet training: too harsh - anal retentive: tidiness, obsessiveness, mean, stubborn; too lax - anal expulsive: untidiness, generosity

Phallic stage

Abnormal family set-up leading to unusual relationship with mother/father - vanity, self-obsession, sexual anxiety, inadequacy, inferiority, envy

Latency stage

During this period, sexual feelings are dormant and repressed. Children redirect their energy into non-sexual pursuits, such as schoolwork, hobbies, sports, and building friendships

Genital stage

Settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another - well adjusted, mature, able to love and be loved. Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure

Humanistic psychology - Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Emphasizes the positive potential of human beings - focuses on self-actualization - Humanistic therapists seek to help people reach their full potential

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

1) Physiological: breathing, food, water, sleep

2) Safety: security of body, of employment, of resources

3) Love/belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy

4) Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

5) Self-actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

Behaviourism

Challenged the idea that psychology should focus on mental live - objective not subjective - focuses on general principles of learning underlying human and animal behavior.

Behaviorism - John B. Watson

Believed that the goal of scientific psychology should be to predict and to control behavior in ways that benefit society. Influenced by Pavlov - like animals, when humans are presented with a stimulus they elicit a response they elicit a response

Behaviorism - B.F. Skinner

Organisms repeat behaviors and that generate pleasant results and avoid behaviors that produce unpleasant results - punishment + rewards; Everything is base on reinforcement

Gestalt Psychology

Emphasized that we often see the whole rather than the sum of its parts(patterns) - Max Wertheimer(illusions - errors of perception, memory, or judgment where experience differs from reality)

Cognitive psychology

How the mind organizes memory - Sir Frederic Bartlett defied the tradition of behaviourism to study “mentalistic” phenomena such as memory

Child development

Jean Piaget(most important person to developmental psych) - studied perceptual and cognitive errors in children. Worked with Lev Vygotsky and Barbel Inhelder

Social psychology

Human beings are social animals - psychology is influenced by the presence and absence of other people - causes consequences of interpersonal behaviour

Development of social psychology

Kurt Lewin - argued that people react to the world as they see it and not to the world as it is

Solomon Asch

Conducted a series of experiments designed to demonstrate the power of conformity in groups

Gordon Allport

Studied stereotyping, prejudice, and racism, as perceptual errors - they exist, but wondered why we group people together

Human language - Noam Chomsky(psycholinguist)

Pointed out that even young children generate sentences they have never heard before, and therefore could not possibly be learning language by reinforcement

Cognitive psychology - term by Ulric Neisser

How the brain works - movement that deposed behaviorism - aligned with when computers were developed - the brain is like computer hardware and the mind is like computer software

Cognitive psychology

The study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems - processing of information

Donald Broadbent

What are the human limits of multitasking? - counter behaviourism

George Miller

Tested capacity limits in memory

Evolutionary psychology - functionalism

A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities by natural selection