Chem Mod 1

Alkane

single bonded Cs and H’s together (CnH2n+2)

name alkanes w/ 1-10 carbons

methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

name this molecule and explain why

2,3-dimethylhexane

name this molecule and explain why

4-ethyl-5-propyloctane

alkyl substituents (methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl)

attached to main carbon chain, fragments of alkanes

structures and their angles (linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral,)

linear: 180
trigonal planar: 120
tetrahedral: 109.5

benzene

C6H6 ring with resonance

phenyl

an aryl substituent, ring, like benzene, but minus 1 H to connect to smth else
C6H5

isomer

same formula diff compound

functional group

cluster of atoms that are big on determining the whole molecules properties

FG: CC double bond

in alkenes

FG: cc triple bond

in alkynes (linear)

FG: alcohols

contain hydroxyl, often water soluble (OH)

FG: ethers

(R-O-R’) an O bonded to 2 alkyl or aryl groups

FG: amines

NH3 BUT one or more of the H’s replaced by alkyl/aryl groups

FG: nitro compounds

NO2 attached to main carbon chain

FG: alkyl halides

alkane but 1 or more H is replaced by halogen(s)

FG: aldehyde

(R-CH=O) CO double bond, also bonded to at least 1 H

FG: ketone

carbonyl, (C=O) but the C also bonded to R/R’ on each side

FG: carboxylic acid

C=O and OH attached tgt, and R group attached as well

FG: esters

c=o, and also another o bonded to the c, one R group attached to C and another on the single bonded O

FG: amides

carbonyl (c=o) with a N attached to the C as well

FG: nitriles

has C TRIPLE BONDED to N

FG: acyl chlorides

R-COCl

FG: carbonyl

C double bonded to O

resonance

‘partial’ bonds of delocalized electrons - reduce energy and better stability

hybridization + reasons

• more stable than s orbital (overlap)

• can tetrahedral

• more sigma bonds

• better overlap when bonding

shapes of orbitals

antibonding orbitals

a type of molecular orbital that increases the energy of a molecule and weakens or destabilizes the chemical bond between atoms

MO energy diagrams, draw and explain E diagram for a CO double bond

criteria for orbital interaction

draw MOs of methane and ethane

cis isomer

trans isomer

lewis acid and base

lone pair orbitals, when hybridized, exhibit more ____ character. As a result, bond angles ____

electrophile vs nucleophie

4 indicators of reactivity

chiral

achiral

superimposable on its mirror image
HAS PLANE OF SYMMETRY

SN2 reaction and inversion

stereochemistry

steric

how the physical size, shape, and spatial arrangement of atoms or groups within a molecule influence its structure, stability, and chemical reactivity

non steric

gauche

gauche

enantiomer

disastereomer

stereoisomers

configuration and conformation

axial

equatorial

steric

burgi-dunitz angle

racemic mixture

if a molecule has no plane of symmetry…

it must be chiral. and vice versa

meso compound