Respiratory

What are the four stages of the respiratory process?

Bringing in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

What is the purpose of the respiratory surface?

To ventilate by pumping air or water over the respiratory area.

What type of gas exchange occurs in aquatic environments?

Gills transport dissolved oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out into the water.

What is inhalation?

The process of taking air into the lungs.

What is exhalation?

The process of breathing air out of the lungs.

What does a spirograph measure?

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled, measured by a spirometer.

What are the two types of respiration?

Internal respiration (involving blood and cells) and external respiration (involving lungs).

What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

It contracts to increase lung volume and decrease pressure for inhalation.

What is a difference between counter-current and co-current exchange systems?

Counter-current exchange maintains a diffusion gradient for gases, while co-current does not.

Describe the structure of the larynx.

Made of cartilage and used for sound production.

What is the flow of air in the respiratory system?

Nose - Nasal cavity - pharynx - glottis - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli.

How does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the alveoli?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood; carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

What is tidal volume?

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath.

What is the function of the pleural membrane?

To decrease friction between the lungs as they expand and contract.

What is the role of hemoglobin in gas transport?

It carries oxygen in the red blood cells.

What is the significance of the surface area in alveoli?

High surface area is needed for efficient gas exchange.

What is the function of turbinates in the nasal cavity?

To increase surface area, warm, and cleanse the air entering the respiratory system.

What muscles are involved in inhalation and exhalation?

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

What are the major types of respiratory surfaces?

Outer skin, gills, tracheal systems, and lungs.