Chapter 13: Blood System

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cellular components of blood, plasma proteins, hematopoiesis, coagulation pathways, blood types, hematologic disorders, and medical combining forms from Chapter 13.

Erythrocyte

A red blood cell that transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

Leukocyte

A white blood cell that defends the body against infection and foreign substances.

Thrombocyte

A blood clotting cell fragment; also known as a platelet.

Basophil

A granulocytic white blood cell with granules that stain blue; releases heparin and histamine.

Eosinophil

A granulocytic white blood cell with granules that stain red; a phagocytic cell involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections.

Neutrophil

A phagocytic granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow that accumulates at sites of infection; also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

Monocyte

A large, agranulocytic mononuclear leukocyte with a single nucleus that engulfs foreign debris and matures into a macrophage.

Lymphocyte

A mononuclear leukocyte that controls the immune response and synthesizes antibodies against antigens.

Hematopoietic stem cell

An unspecialized precursor cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells.

Plasma

The liquid portion of blood containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, lipids, and vitamins.

Serum

The liquid part of blood remaining after removing clotting proteins and cells.

Albumin

A major plasma protein that maintains proper osmotic pressure and water balance in the blood.

Globulin

A class of plasma proteins separated into alpha, beta, and gamma fractions, including antibodies.

Immunoglobulin

A plasma protein with antibody activity (e.g., IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) produced by lymphocytes.

Fibrinogen

A plasma protein converted to insoluble fibrin during the blood clotting process.

Prothrombin

A plasma protein converted to the enzyme thrombin in the clotting cascade.

Thrombin

An enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin to form a clot.

Fibrin

An insoluble protein thread network that forms the structural basis of a blood clot.

Heparin

An anticoagulant substance found in blood and tissue cells that inhibits clot formation.

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A protein mediator that promotes the production and maturation of white blood cells in bone marrow.

Differentiation

The progressive specialization in cell structure and function as an immature cell reaches maturity.

Electrophoresis

A laboratory method used to separate electrical-charge-bearing serum proteins.

Plasmapheresis

A process of separating and removing blood plasma from whole blood using a centrifuge.

Apheresis

The clinical procedure of separating whole blood into component parts and selectively removing one part.

Megakaryocyte

A large platelet precursor cell residing in the bone marrow that fragments to create platelets.

Macrophage

A tissue phagocyte derived from circulating monocytes that destroys worn-out erythrocytes and foreign debris.

Reticulocyte

An immature red blood cell containing remnant ribosomal material.

Erythroblast

An immature, nucleated red blood cell present within bone marrow.

Myeloblast

An immature bone marrow cell that matures into granulocytic leukocytes.

Bilirubin

An orange-yellow bile pigment formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.

Antigen

A foreign substance that stimulates an immune response and the production of specific antibodies.

Antibody (Ab)

A specific protective protein manufactured by lymphocytes in reaction to antigens.

Rh factor

A specific antigen on the surface of erythrocytes; individuals who carry it are Rh-positive ($\text{Rh}^+$).

Type AB blood

Red blood cells possessing both A and B surface antigens with neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in plasma; universal recipient.

Type O blood

Red blood cells lacking both A and B surface antigens, with plasma containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies; universal donor.

Anemia

A clinical condition characterized by a deficiency in circulating erythrocytes or total hemoglobin content.

Aplastic anemia

Failure of complete blood cell formation caused by aplasia or absence of bone marrow stem cell activity.

Hemolytic anemia

A reduction in circulating red blood cells due to excessive and premature destruction of erythrocytes.

Pernicious anemia

An erythrocyte deficiency caused by the inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.

Sickle cell anemia

A hereditary disorder involving abnormal hemoglobin that causes crescent-shaped, fragile red blood cells prone to hemolysis.

Thalassemia

An inherited genetic disorder resulting in defective hemoglobin production and hypochromic, target-shaped red blood cells.

Hemochromatosis

A pathological state characterized by widespread excessive accumulation of iron deposits throughout body tissues.

Polycythemia vera

A general, abnormal increase in the total number of circulating red blood cells.

Hemophilia

A hereditary coagulation disorder caused by a lack of factor VIII or factor IX, leading to spontaneous bleeding into joints.

Purpura

A bleeding disorder presenting with multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and widespread extravasated blood beneath the skin.

Leukemia

A neoplastic hematologic disorder characterized by an abnormal proliferation of cancerous white blood cells.

Granulocytosis

An abnormal elevation in the concentration of granulocytes circulating in the peripheral blood.

Mononucleosis

An infectious condition marked by an increased number of circulating mononuclear leukocytes and cervical lymphadenopathy.

Multiple myeloma

A malignant neoplasm of bone marrow plasma cells that destroys bone architecture and yields excess immunoglobulins and Bence Jones protein.

bas/o

Combining form meaning base.

chrom/o

Combining form meaning color.

coagul/o

Combining form meaning clotting.

cyt/o

Combining form meaning cell.

eosin/o

Combining form meaning red, dawn, or rosy.

erythr/o

Combining form meaning red.

granul/o

Combining form meaning granules.

hem/o, hemat/o

Combining forms meaning blood.

is/o

Combining form meaning same or equal.

kary/o, nucle/o

Combining forms meaning nucleus.

leuk/o

Combining form meaning white.

mon/o

Combining form meaning one or single.

morph/o

Combining form meaning shape or form.

myel/o

Combining form meaning bone marrow.

neutr/o

Combining form meaning neutral.

phag/o

Combining form meaning eat or swallow.

poikil/o

Combining form meaning varied or irregular.

sider/o

Combining form meaning iron.

spher/o

Combining form meaning globe or round.

thromb/o

Combining form meaning clot.