Socio cultural Novemeber test

what was the industrial revolution?

A period when machines and new technology rapidly changed how goods were produced, moving from small farms and homes to large factories. It led to big changes in society and daily life. 

How did class affect sport in post industrial Britain?

• Middle class formed and were sent to public schools to copy the upper class. (middle class were the factory owners) 

• The first rugby teams were rooted in middle class values 

• professional players were considered inferior to gentlemen amateurs in terms of social class. 

• Amateurs had better roles e.g. batting in cricket and used separate entrances and changing rooms. 

• Working class got weekends off so sought sporting entertainment. 

• Professionalism was frowned upon as payment would lead to corruption and destruction of moral Christian values. 

• Lots of factories had their own football clubs (e.g. hammers - west ham) - football was evolved from mob football and made less aggressive as factory owners needed their workers to not get injured.

How did gender affect sport in post industrial Britain?

• During mid 1800s women of all classes were dependent on men 

• In 1870 society began to change and allowed women in schools. 

• Cricket, hockey and lax were taught at girls schools 

• Osterberg founded the first women's PE college in London but male dominated society refused to take women's sport seriously until well into 1900s 

• Women still experiencing inequality, but fighting against it.  

• Women still expected to provide a family for her husband.  

How did law and order affect sport in post industrial Britain?

• Football crowds were rowdy and patriarchal 

• Veiled professionalism began as being paid was frowned upon 

• Teams broke away from Rugby Football union and formed the Northern Union. Players suspected of appearing in Northern Union would receive a lifetime ban from RFU. 

• Police force were introduced.  

How did transport affect sport in post industrial Britain?

• The spread of railways allowed the possibility of reliable and convenient travel.

• Leagues and cups were able to happen.

• Fixtures between schools began. 

• Canals were developed to help factories.  

How did cost affect sport in post industrial Britain?

• Professionals are able to earn money but are inferior to "amateurs" 

• Players on rugby teams had to ask for compensatory payment of missing out on Saturday morning wages due to missing it to play games, they were denied. 

• Many clubs could not sustain financial outlay and disbanded 

How did education affect sport in post industrial Britain?

• As literacy rate improved, the working classes began to understand written rules and read news items about their teams. 

• Public schools for upper/middle class males from 1850.  

• Girls also went to school in 1870s, which increased the population with an education. 

• State education was introduced, in 1870, meaning it was accessible for all.  

How did time affect sport in post industrial Britain?

• Working class gained rights and the weekend was created. This caused the working classes to seek sporting entertainment.

• Public schools increased the amount of time they were spending on sport and increased its popularity 

what does codified mean?

the introduction of rules and regulations.

what were some main generic changes for sport in post industrial Britain?

• Clearer distinction between work and leisure time. 

• Growing sport opportunities for the lower class but the upper class still had access to more (time, money and education) 

• The notion of 'professionalism' grew in some sports.  

• Sports became 'codified' and this mostly occurred within public schools. 

• Within the introduction of state education, PE = participation, particularly in women. 

• Factory owners discouraged mob games, but encouraged codified sports as they needed a healthy work force.

what type of people attended public boarding schools between 1800-1900, and what were the schools like?

• middle and upper class boys

• traditionally they were: Eton, Harrow and Rugby

• they had lots of money from tuition fees and had good facilities

• they were organised into house systems

• they were heavily involved in the promotion of sport

what is the ‘cult of athlectism’?

• Cult referred to the obsession/growing craze of playing sport  

• Athleticism: developing physical endeavour (effort) and moral integrity (honourable, truthful and showing good sportsmanship) through sport.  

what were the 5 ethics and values promoted in public school sport?

• Leadership  

• Fair play  

• Teamwork 

• Courage  

• Respect  

what is the impact of the cult of athleticism? (3 for each)

Impact of the 'Cult':

• Large amounts of times devoted to sport in order to develop it.

• Developed leagues (e.g. house systems created).

• Ex-school boys spread the cult (through the old boys network).

Impact of Athleticism: 

• Encouraged effort over winning.  

• Encouraged the development of codified sport (with rules and national governing bodies - NGBs). 

• Encouraged to play with fair play and sportsmanship. 

 

Why were the 19^th century public schools so influential in promoting and organising sports? (6 things)

• Influence of head teachers on sports: they were all respected and influential, therefore society followed their ideas; Thomas Arnold.  

• Time on sport: boarding; believed games were valuable for moral character and health. 

• Rules: students developed rules, structure and NGBs for sports (codified). 

• Money: facilities, equipment and coaching. 

• House structure with fixtures and competitions: in every sport and extra-curricular activity; competitive. 

• Ex pupils promoted games and their ethics: formation of old boys networks – spread sport in their many different roles after school. 

How did the ‘old boys network’ promote sport? (7 factors)

• University: I.e. Oxbridge – these places became a 'melting pot' of sports from schools.  

• Army officers: spread sports internationally. 

• Parents: influenced their children by sending their children usually by sending them to the same schools as them. 

• Teachers: promoting the importance of sport and teaching others their sport/game. 

• Priest/Clergy: joined the church, forming parish teams. Joined missionaries travelling internationally. 

• Industrialists: became factory owners, keen to start work sports teams.  

• Community leaders: I.e. Politician establishing funding. Some held government roles (PE). 

what did the ‘old boys’ refer to?

ex public school students

What are NGBs and what are their importance in post industrial Britain?

• NGB stands for National Governing Bodies.

• NGBs regulate, organise, and develop specific sports in the UK.

• They emerged in post-industrial Britain to standardise rules across regions.

• Public schools influenced their formation by spreading organised team games into society.

• They created structured competitions like leagues and championships.

• They promoted amateur values to encourage fair play and discipline.

• They set safety standards for equipment, facilities, rules, and officiating.

• They expanded mass participation as sport grew among the working class.

what are some society developments between 1900 and 1945?

• Developments in scientific discovery and technological advancements - noticeably medicine

• Improvements in working conditions saw an increase in working conditions saw an increase in everyone's leisure time and disposable income

• However, other stresses including war and terrorism hit society

• PE became available for all

• Law and order was fully apparent in society, including moving towards gender equality

what were some sport developments between 1900 and 1945?

• Spectatorship grew (particularly in working class men), and the money from this facilitated professionalism further

• Sport was an important tool for morale for troops in the war

• Growth and development of international sporting events

• Introduction of public sporting facilities

• PE made compulsory by the government to teach in all schools

what does Corinthian ethic mean?

the amateur approach to competitive sport, named after the Corithian football club, which was founded in 1881 in response to increasing professionalism in the game.

what was football like in the 20th century?

• Attracted huge crowds

• Major source of gambling

• Armed forces used the sport to sustain morale (British and German ceasefire on Christmas of 1914)

• Amateur teams rarely defeated professional teams - those who were paid had become too good for the Corinthian ethic

• Ibrox stadium collapsed during England vs Scottland as spectator safety was low resulting in 26 deaths and numerous injuries

• Match fixing became an issue due to bets

what was rugby like in the 20th century?

• Popular but little crowds

• Operated a system of friendly matches

• It remained amateur and unprofessional until 1995

• Clubs tended to be affluent middle and upper class members

• International games drew crowds at Twickenham, Murrayfield and Cardiff Arms Park

what was horse racing like in the 20th century?

• Regarded itself as 'the sport of the kings'

• Upper classes continued to invest into horse racing and the middle classes followed their lead

• Working class people were excluded from the higher echelons of racing organisation but were engaged as jockeys and employed in menial tasks relating to horses and course management

• Betting shops were illegal in Britain until 1961 - placing a bet was only possible on the racecourse

• Illegal betting venues were widespread and difficult to detect, frequented mainly by the labouring class

• Drinking culture became synonymous with sport among working classes

• Alcohol was cheap and public houses opened all day till midnight

• By 1910 it was estimated that people spent 20 times more on drinking than betting

• There were over 4000 weekly prosecutions on drunkenness and legalisation was urgently required to address this problem

• The first world war led to the restricted opening hours of pubs: they were required to close by 10:30pm due to it being believed that alcohol consumption interfered with the war effort

what does Sabbatarianism mean?

the belief that Sunday should be a day of rest not only free from any form of work but also from entertainment and socialising.

what does egalitarianism mean?

equality across society

what does imperial Britain mean?

relating to the values of the British empire, which at its peak was the largest in history

what does footloose manufacturing mean?

industries not tied to a location by raw materials. e.g. cars can be built in any location

social class: factors in 20th century society and effect on sport

Factors in 20th Century Sport

• Clear class divisions influenced sport choice and opportunities

• Growth of professionalism → decline of amateurism

• Working class excluded from some expensive sports

• Industrialisation + more leisure time changed participation

• Class access differed (facilities, education)

Effect on Sport

• Different sports associated with different classes

• Professionals mainly linked to working class

• Upper/middle class had greater access to diverse/expensive sports

• Grammar schools increased middle-class access

• Working-class growth in football & rugby

• Average wages of football & rugby players increased

gender: factors in 20th century society and effect on sport

Factors in 20th Century Sport

• Women’s rights movement improved equality

• 1921–1971 FA ban on women’s football

• Strong female role models (e.g. Virginia Wade in tennis)

• Netball expanded (6000+ schools)

• Equal prize money at Wimbledon (not universal) → pay gaps remained

• Some sports remained male-dominated

Effect on Sport

• Increased female participation

• Still lower participation than men

• Women’s sport less professional (less funding/spectators)

• Slower commercial growth in women’s spor

law and order: factors in 20th century society and effect on sport

Factors in 20th Century Sport

• Establishment of laws to improve safety and order

• 1963 Sunday football legalised

• 1968 Safety at Sports Grounds Act

• Sabatarian sentiment weakening

• 1985 Bradford fire (56 deaths)

• 1989 Hillsborough disaster (96 deaths)

• ID cards proposed to reduce hooliganism

• All-seater stadiums made compulsory

Effect on Sport

• Shift from “cure” to prevention of violence

• Stadium safety improvements

• Sports fully codified with minor rule changes

• Reduced violence inside grounds

education: factors in 20th century society and effect on sport

Factors in 20th Century Sport

• 1944 Education Act → PE compulsory & tripartite system

• Introduction of grammar schools (middle-class test)

• School leaving age raised to 15

• Equal but gendered opportunities (boys vs girls sports)

• 1988 National Curriculum → more equal opportunities

Effect on Sport

• Increased participation due to compulsory PE

• Grammar schools widened access to varied/expensive sports

• More structured school sport pathways

availability of time: factors in 20th century society and effect on sport

Factors in 20th Century Sport

• Working week reduced to 40 hours

• Introduction of paid holidays

Effect on Sport

• Increased leisure time → more participation

• Increased leisure time → more spectatorship

• Less working hours → more training time

transport: factors in 20th century society and effect on sport

Factors in 20th Century Sport

• Improved public & private transport (cars, buses, trains, planes)

• WWII factory closures reduced local teams

• Air travel enabled European football

• 1965 Australian cricket tour to England

• International tours became shorter & more frequent

• Travel companies offered sports package holidays

• Road expansion reduced travel times (e.g. Scotland v Gloucester rugby)

Effect on Sport

• Increased participation (easier access to clubs)

• Increased spectatorship

• Growth of international fixtures & competitions

• International scholarships increased

availability of money: factors in 20th century society and effect on sport

Factors in 20th Century Sport

• Improved working conditions → better pay

• Paid holidays → more disposable income

Effect on Sport

• Increased participation (especially working class)

• Increased spectatorship

• More differentiation across sport

• Public sports facilities improved equity

• Professionalism remained mainly working class

what is a global sports event

 

Any sporting competition (multi or single sport) that takes place at an international level. 

Economic pros of global sports events

• Increased tourism to countries can boost their economy 

• Creates jobs 

• Possible increases in trade and exporting = commercial benefits 

• Improved infra-structure e.g. transport  

• Increased investment in local public facilities  

• Can raise the status of the country on the global stage = 'shop window' effect, as only the positive parts of the country are shown through the media = more trade and tourism  

Political pros of global sporting events

• Country gains exposure in the media 

• Culture can be expressed  

• Symbolic – successful host can make government appear successful  

• Employment opportunities may improve government popularity  

• Can bring unity to the country and a sense of purpose which is good for the government = nation building  

• Can raise the status of the country on the global stage = 'shop window' effect, as only the positive parts of the country are shown through the media 

Sporting pros 

• Promotes sports and health to country  

• National pride and home crowd support helps athletes from host country to perform better (e.g. 2012 Olympics team GB won a record breaking amount of medals) 

• Raises the profile of the sport and may lead to increased participation 

• New/upgraded sporting venues are built which leaves a positive legacy (e.g. the Copper box arena) 

• Attention can be focused on minority sports which may inspire people to try a new sport  

• May be an increase in funding for the sports involved 

Social pros of global sporting events

• Community engagement  

• Improved infrastructure which remains after the event has finished (e.g. public transportation and sports facilities) 

• Shop window effect – shows best aspects of a country  

• Develops patriotism  

• Nation building 

• Appeasement = people enjoy the experience  

• Money through tourism = can be spent on local community  

Economic cons of global sporting events

• Requires expensive facilities to be built which leads to financial debt  

• Facilities may be underused after the event, however the country must still maintain them 

• Bidding for the event if expensive, and if it's not won, the no money coming back in  

• Might lead to debt or financial strain  

• Increase in taxes to local people to fund the event  

• Many jobs created are temporary  

• If events/participants are linked to failure or deviant behaviour, then sponsors can be negatively affected 

 

Political cons of global sporting events

• High security costs to mitigate threats of terrorism 

• Can be used to promote political agendas  

• Can be used for propaganda  

• Financial cost of hosting may make the political part unpopular  

• If the host nation doesn’t perform well, it may lower national esteem  

• Negative environmental impacts  

• If legacy of event is poor it could reflect badly as public money poorly spent  

• Political protests can look badly on the country  

Sporting cons

• Whilst it increases participation initially this is not maintained long term after the sporting event  

• Facilities may end up not being used after the event 

• Lesser known non-global sports can suffer with less funding  

• Sport deviance is more likely to be highlighted in the media and will have a negative effect on the sport (e.g. doping in the tour de France) 

• If unsuccessfully hosted, can have a negative effect on the profile of the sport  

• Too much pressure on athletes to succeed 

Social cons in global sports events

• Displacement of residents when building new infrastructure 

• Mass influx of tourists places strain on resources  

• Pressure on performers  

• During the event, local prices may increase 

• Focus and investment given to the event rather than long term local issues 

• The benefits may not be relevant or felt by the majority of local people 

• Positive effects may be short-lived and leave other problems behind  

• May cause resentment in other areas/countries  

what is globalisation in terms of sport?

• Creation of sport into a worldwide business

• Required worldwide media coverage and freedom of movement of participants and spectators

• Globalisation has created a greater exposure of people to sport = can be viewed anywhere at any time

what are the 5 characteristics of globalised sport?

• extensive worldwide media coverage on multiple platforms

• freedom of movement of players

• regular international fixtures

• sport as a worldwide business/market that generates income

• teams and spectators can travel to compete at home teams and abroad

what is the freedom of movement in sport?

• Freedom of movement: EU citizens and their family members can live, work, study, and move freely in any EU Member State.

• Fare-free transit funding: Grants to states, local governments, and transit agencies to cover lost revenue from removing fares.

• Safety & quality upgrades: Funding improves bus services, accessibility, and modernises transport infrastructure.

• Reducing inequality: Lowers transport costs for working families and improves access for historically underserved communities.

• Environmental aims: Promotes cleaner public transport to reduce traffic congestion and pollution.

what are some advantages of freedom of movement?

• Free transfers after contracts: Professional players can move clubs without a transfer fee once their contract ends → increases bargaining power for better wages, conditions, and opportunities.

• Wider talent scouting: Clubs can recruit from a much larger international talent pool.

• Greater commercialisation: More competitive, higher-quality leagues → bigger audiences and increased financial investment.

• More diversity in sport: Mix of playing styles and cultural influences improves the game.

• More international fixtures: Increased cross-border competitions and tournaments.

• Training abroad: Athletes can train in different countries (e.g. ski training, altitude training) to improve performance.

what are some disadvantages of freedom of movement?

• Strain on public services and housing

• Increased competition for jobs

• Decreased wages

• Social and cultural tensions

• Less connections with the fans and teams

in what century was the freedom of movement and the equality act implemented?

21st century

what is the equality act?

• Makes it unlawful for sports organisations to discriminate against, harass, or victimise individuals based on protected characteristics like sex, disability, or race.

• It applies to clubs, coaches, and sports providers, requiring reasonable adjustments for disabled participants and prohibiting discrimination in membership or services

what are some advantages of the equality act?

• Improved Accessibility for Disabled Individuals and so increased participation

• Increased participation for people in minorities who may have been discriminated against before (e.g. disabilities, races, females etc.)

• Promotion of inclusivity and diversity

• Protection for employees and volunteers

• Increased participation and community engagement

• Safer environments for sport

• More fair environment

what are some disadvantages of the equality act?

• Conflicts Over Transgender Participation- the definition of when a sport is "gender-affected" (based on strength/stamina) can be subjective and difficult to enforce

• Requires significant resources for small clubs, including training and policy updates.