Evolution of Cells and Diversity of Life

Extracellular Matrix

-makes tissue and biofilm

-aids in communication and connection

-lives around all cells (tissue formation)

Cell Membrane

-regulates what can enter/leave the cell (they don’t let anything charged pass through)

-made of phospholipids

-barrier, transports things in and out

-fluid

-all cells

cell wall

-determine shape of bacteria cells

-strong and flexible

-prevents bursting from osmotic pressure

-found in prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells (plants and fungi)

Nucleus

-center of the cell

-stores DNA and protects genetic materials

-works with ribosomes and protein

-all eukaryotes

Nucleolus

-inside nucleus

-makes + assembles ribosomes

-helps with mitosis

-all eukaryotic

Mitochondria

-makes ATP (powerhouse of the cell!)

-energy metabolism

-enzymes synthesize amino acids + lipids

-eukaryotic

Chloroplast

-carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll to convert sunlight into sugars (produces ATP)

-eukaryotic plant cells

Cytoplasm

- liquid inside of the cell which organelles float in

-keep them in their proper places and shapes, moves materials around

-hosts some chemical reactions

-all cells

Ribosomes

-construction of proteins by building amino acids

-reads genetic material

-in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum in all cells

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

-outside nucleus

- has ribosomes on its surface

-RNA travels to ribosomes on the rough ER- helps to fold proteins and transports them where they need to go

-eukaryotes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

-no ribosomes on its surface

-helps make lipids

-found in cells that detoxify

-eukaryotes

Golgi Body/Apparatus

• helps sort proteins + lipids into vesicles (containers in the cells)

• makes new vesicles and send them with glycoproteins

• send them to cell membranes or outside the cell

• all eukaryotes

Lysosomes

-breaks parts of cell that are worn out or in excess

-can kill viruses and disease

-has enzymes to break down large molecules into small ones

-animal cells (eukaryotes)

Vacuoles

-hold water in plant/animal cells

-waste taken care of

-storage

-all eukaryotic cells (but only plants have central ones)

Cytoskeleton

• protective structure in the cell

• gives it shape

• transportation (vesicles moved)

• all cells

Flagellum

• transportation across liquids

• reproduction in eukaryotes

• bacteria transportation in prokaryotes

• all prokaryotes, most eukaryotes

Cilia

-controls airways and cellular pathways

-cleans via constant motion

-propels sperm for reproduction, moves dust, saliva and mucus out of throat

-eukaryotes on exterior surface of the cell

Centriole

-organize cell division

-move chromosomes so each cell always gets the right amount

-always 2 (one on each side of the cell)

-heart shaped

-cytoplasm of eukaryotic animal cells