Protists Upgraded

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

1. Excavata

2. SAR clade

3. Archaeplastida

4. Unikonta

Alveolates

single-cellular, contain alveoli (mebrane bound sacs underneath plasma membrane.

Falls under alveolates

Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

dinoflagellates cause

red tides

Structure of dinoflagellates:

2 flagella; one in equatorial groove, one in longitudinal

Apicomplexans are all

parasitic

What allows apicomplexans to enter the host cell?

mass of organelles at the tip

Complex life cycle, sometimes 2 hosts

apicomplexans

What causes plasmodium and toxoplasma

apicomplexans

Plasmodium

malaria

Free living, mostly not parasites

ciliates

Subgroup that is entirely heterotrophic

ciliates

Falls under ciliates

paramecium

Flexible covering of paramecium

pellicle

Structure of ciliates

complex body form with 2 nuclei

Has inner and outer layer of alveoli surrounding cilia

paramecium

Contains contractile vacuoles to expel water

paramecium

Stramenopiles (what falls under)

diatoms and brown algae

Structure of stramenopiles

two flagella, one is hairy, one is smooth

Diatoms

unicellular but form filaments

Pigment of Diatoms

yellow carotenoid pigment

Where do diatoms grow?

freshwater/marine environments

Major primary producers

diatoms

Unique characteristic of diatoms

silica- glass-like cell walls

Brown algae are (multi or uni cellular)

multicellular

Pigment of brown algae

fucoxanthin

Structure of brown algae

Blade (Leaf like)

Stipe (Stem like)

Holdfast (Root like)

Acts as underwater forest

brown algae

oomycetes

water molds and downy mildews

Water molds function

absorptive heterotrophs- secrete enzymes to digest large food; breaks down into smaller molecules

Saprobic protist

oomycetes

Rhizaria

the unicellular supergroup that contains organisms that move by amoeboid movement

Falls under rhizaria

cercozoans, foraminiferans, and radiolarians

Cercozoans

aquatic or can live on soil, diverse forms and habitats

foraminiferans

secretes shells of calcium carbonate

Radiolarians

marine protist with radial symmetry

Protist containing thin, stiff pseudopods reinforced by microtubules

Radiolarians

Pseudopod function

increases surface area for exchange of materials and helps cell float

Unique feature of radiolarians

glassy internal skeletons with elaborate designs

Group characterized by their cytoskeletons

Excavata

What falls under excavata

Diplomas, parabasilids, and euglenozoans

Unique feature of excavata

excavated groove on side of cell

Excavata have modified

mitochondria

Unique flagella

euglenozoans

Modified mitochondria

diplomonads and parabasalids

Guards lamblia fall under

diplomonads

Structure of Giardia lamblia?

Flagellated Diplomonads (2 nuclei)

What is Giardia lamblia?

water borne parasite that causes intestinal disease

Contains undulating membrane for locomotion

parabasalids

Disease under parabasalids

trichomonas vaginalis- STI's

What does Trichomonas vaginalis infect?

urogenital tract

Euglenozoans

excavata- contains predators and parasites

Euglenozoans are (nutrient form)

all: heterotrophic, autotrophic, mixotrophic, parasitic

Main distinguishing feature of euglenozoans

spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella

Subgroups of euglenozoans

euglenids and kinetoplastids

kinetoplastids

have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

free living species are consumers of

prokaryotes

Trypansoma brucei

African sleeping sickness

Trypansoma cruzi

Chagas' disease- causes congenital heart failure

Bait-and-switch defense

Strategy to evade immune response by changing proteins.

Group that uses bait and switch defense

trypanosomes

trypanosomes fall under

kinetoplastids

Unikonta sub group

amoebozoans

Ameobozoans

lobe-shaped pseudopods are used for locomotion

Example of Amoebozoa

Entamoeba histolytica

Most well known species of Amoebozoans

Entameoba histolytica

causes amoebic dysentery

Entamoeba histolytica

How is E. hystolytica transmitted?

contaminated food and water