APHG Vocab Unit 1-4 | Monster Vocab Quiz

Sovereignty

The exclusive authority of a state to govern itself without interference from external sources.

Nation-State

A state that is primarily composed of a single ethnic or cultural group, where the boundaries of the state align with the boundaries of the nation.

Stateless Nation

An ethnic or cultural group that does not have its own independent state and is spread across multiple states.

Multinational State

A state that is made up of multiple ethnic or cultural groups, each with their own distinct identity.

Semi-Autonomous Region

A region within a state that has limited self-governance, with some powers delegated by the central government.

Multi-State Nation

A nation that extends across multiple states, with members of the nation residing in different states.

Nationalism

A strong sense of loyalty and devotion to one's nation, often involving the belief in the superiority of one's own nation.

Centripetal Forces

Forces that unify and strengthen a state or nation, promoting cohesion and stability.

Centrifugal Forces

Forces that divide and weaken a state or nation, leading to internal conflicts and fragmentation.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization or military force, often with the aim of economic exploitation.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring and maintaining colonies for economic and political control, often involving the settlement of people from the controlling country.

Berlin Conference

A conference held in 1884-1885 to divide Africa among European powers, resulting in the arbitrary drawing of boundaries without regard for existing ethnic or cultural groups.

Self-Determination

The right of a group to determine its own political status and form of government, often associated with the process of decolonization.

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those belonging to a particular ethnic group or nation, with the intent to destroy them.

Devolution

The transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments, often to accommodate demands for greater autonomy or address regional disparities.

Territoriality

The attachment of individuals or groups to a specific territory or space, often associated with the defense of territorial boundaries.

Neocolonialism

The indirect control or domination of a country by a more powerful foreign power, often through economic and political influence.

Choke Point

A narrow passage of water that controls access to a larger body of water, often strategically important for trade and military purposes.

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged, often determined by natural features or historical events.

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary that is established after the cultural landscape has developed, often reflecting changes in political or social circumstances.

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary that is imposed by an outside power onto an existing cultural landscape, often disregarding the cultural or ethnic divisions within the region.

Relic Boundary

A former boundary that is no longer actively maintained or enforced, often due to changes in political or territorial arrangements.

Geometric Boundary

A boundary that follows a straight line or arc, often based on latitude, longitude, or other geometric coordinates.

Consequent Boundary

A boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences, often reflecting the distribution of ethnic or linguistic groups.

Open Boundary

A boundary that allows for free movement and interaction between states, often associated with regional integration or cooperation agreements.

Militarized Boundary

A boundary that is heavily fortified and controlled by military forces, often due to security concerns or territorial disputes.

Defined Boundary

A boundary that is described and agreed upon in a legal document, often through treaties or international agreements.

Delimited Boundary

A boundary that is drawn on a map, often based on physical or cultural features.

Demarcated Boundary

A boundary that is physically marked on the landscape, often through the use of walls, fences, or other visible markers.

territorial dispute

A disagreement or conflict between states over a territory or boundary, often requiring diplomatic or legal resolution.

Shatterbelt

A region caught between powerful forces and often experiences conflict and instability, often due to competing political, economic, or cultural influences.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

An international treaty that establishes the legal framework for the use and conservation of the world's oceans and their resources, ensuring the rights and responsibilities of states in maritime areas.

Voting Districts

Geographic areas used to determine representation in a legislative body, often drawn based on population size and geographical contiguity.

Census

A count of the population within a specific geographic area, providing demographic and socio-economic data for policy and planning purposes.

Reapportionment

The process of reallocating seats in a legislative body based on changes in population, ensuring fair representation for different regions or constituencies.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing boundaries of voting districts, often done after reapportionment to reflect changes in population distribution.

Federal State

A state in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments, often granting certain powers to subnational entities.

Unitary State

A state in which power is concentrated in a central government, with limited or no autonomy granted to subnational entities.

Annexation

The incorporation of one territory into another, often through legal or military means.

Ethnic Separatism

The advocacy or desire for the separation of a particular ethnic or cultural group from a larger political unit, often based on perceived cultural, linguistic, or historical differences.

Cultural traits

Characteristics and behaviors of a particular culture

Cultural hearth

Place where cultural traits originate and diffuse from

Traditional (folk) culture

Cultural practices and beliefs of small, homogeneous groups

Indigenous culture

Culture of the original inhabitants of a region

Globalization

Increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world

Popular culture

Cultural elements that reflect the tastes of the mainstream

Cultural landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the environment

Artifacts

Physical objects created by a culture

Mentifacts

The ideas, beliefs, and values of a culture

Sociofacts

The social structures and organizations of a culture

Ethnicity

Shared cultural characteristics and identity of a group

Ethnic enclaves

Geographic areas with a high concentration of a particular ethnic group

Cultural regions

Areas with common cultural characteristics and identity

Sequent occupancy

Successive cultural groups leaving their imprint on a place

Cultural patterns

Recurring characteristics or behaviors in a culture

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own culture

Cultural relativism

Understanding and judging a culture based on its own values

Relocation diffusion

Spread of cultural traits through migration

Expansion diffusion

Spread of cultural traits from a central point

Contagious diffusion

Spread of cultural traits through direct contact

Hierarchical diffusion

Spread of cultural traits from a person or node of authority

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

Spread of cultural traits from lower to higher levels of authority

Stimulus diffusion

Spread of an underlying principle, but not the specific trait

Lingua franca

Common language used for communication between different groups

Pidgin language

Simplified language used for communication between groups with different languages

Creole language

Stable, fully-developed language derived from a mixture of languages

Dialect

Variation of a language spoken in a particular region

Toponym

Place name, often reflecting cultural or historical significance

Homogenous

Consisting of similar or identical elements

Adherent

Follower or supporter of a particular religion or belief system

Ethnic religion

Religion associated with a particular ethnic or cultural group

Universal religion

Religion that seeks to appeal to all people

Acculturation

Adoption of cultural traits by one group from another

Assimilation

Process of fully adopting the cultural traits of another group

Syncretism

Blending of different cultural traditions to create a new synthesis

population density

Number of individuals per unit area

population distribution

a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

Arithmetic density (population density)

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land (farm-able)

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

dependency ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

immigrant

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Emigrant

a person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

crude death rate (cdr)

the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

rate of natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.

Demographic Transition Model

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

Epidemiological Transition

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Boserup Theory

humans will always find a way to increase food production to feed growing populations

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

natalist policy

Laws governments may adopt to control their population

Intervening obstacles and opportunities

- Causes people to not reach their desired destination
- Obstacles: mountains, bodies of water, legal documents, money
- Opportunities: jobs

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.