ch.6 ot 200

anti-

against

carcin/o

cancerous

immun/o

immune, protection, safe

lymph/o

lymph, lymphatic tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node or gland

lymphangi/o

lymph vessel

neo-

new, strange

ne/o

new, strange

-oma

tumor, neoplasm

onc/o

tumor

phag/o

eat, swallow

-plasm

formative

sarc/o

flesh, connective tissue

splen/o

spleen

-tic

pertaining to

tox/o

poison, poisonous

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

“the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection”

allergen

a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

anaphylaxis

a severe, systemic response to an allergen

antibiotics

medication capable of inhibiting the growth of our killing pathogenic bacteria

antibody

a disease-fighting protein created by immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

antifungal

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

antigen

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

antigen-antibody reaction

binding antigens to antibodies; this reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system

autoimmune disorder

“any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens”

bacilli

rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria

bacteria

a group of one-celled microscope organisms, some of which are pathogenic

benign

something that is not life-threatening

candidiasis

a yeast infection

carcinoma

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

carcinoma in situ

a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

complement system

a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form; when needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

COVID-19

a highly contagious viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

cytokines

group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells; these cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

cytomegalovirus

a type of herpesvirus found in most body fluids

cytotoxic drug

medication that kills or damages cells

ductal carcinoma in situ

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the abnormal cells have broken through the wall of the milk duct

hemolytic

destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

herpes zoster

an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

“a cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells”

human immunodeficency virus

a bloodborne infection in which the virus damages of kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life threatening opportunistic infections

immunoglobulins

antibodies that bind with specific antigen-antibody response

immunosuppressant

a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

immunotherapy

a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune system

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

breast cancer that starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty tissue outside the duct

interferons

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

lymphadenopathy

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

lymphangioma

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

lymphedema

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

lymphocytes

also known as lymphoid cells; leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells; work together with the body’s prgans to defend the body against antigens

lymphoma

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

lymphoscintigraphy

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

macrophage

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells; macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

malaria

a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitos and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

malignant

becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

mammography

an x-ray examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

metastasis

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is also used to describe the tumor itself

metastasize

to spread from one place to another, as in cancer

myoma

a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

myosarcoma

a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma

opportunistic infection

infection caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

osteosarcoma

a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of long bones, pelvis, or knee.

parasite

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

rabies

an acute viral infection transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal

rickettsia

a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

rubella

a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash

sarcoma

“a malignant tumor that arises from connective tisues, including hard and, more commonly, soft tissues

spirochetes

long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

splenomegaly

an abnormal enlargement of the spleen

staphylococci

a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

streptococci

bacteria that form a chain

systemic reaction

also described as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, is a severe response to an allergen; the symptoms of this response develop quickly, and without prompt medical aid, the patient can die within a few minutes.

teletherapy

precisely targeted radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

toxoplasmosis

a disease caused by a parasite most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contract with contaminated feces

varicella

a highly contagious infection caused by the herpesvirus Varicella zoster; also known as chickenpox