Medical Botany Exam 3

types of heart toxins

aconite alkaloids, taxus alkaloids, cardiac glycosides

family of aconite alkaloids

ranunculaceae

family of taxus alkaloids

taxaceae

family of cardiac glycosides

many families

role of sodium potassium pump

make the gradients of sodium and potassium

which nerves control the heart

sympatetic nerves, parasympathetic nerves

sympathetic nerves…

• releases norepinephrine on heart tissue

• increased heart rate and force of contraction

• norepinephrine receptor on heart cells is beta-1 adrenergic receptor, works on ion channels to bring the above effects

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________.

a concentration gradient, ATP hydrolysis

parasympathetic nerves…

• releases acetycholine on heart tissue

• decreases heart rate

• receptor for acetylcholine on heart cells is muscarinic, binding can lead to opening of K+ channels causing hyperpolarization

which plant and family is this plant heart toxin from

ranunculaceae- buttercup family (aconite alkaloids)

three types of aconite alkaloids

aconitine, atisine, veatchine

main symptom of acontine

arrhythmias

main symptom of atisine

numbness and tingling

main symptom of veatchine

scant knowledge

which plant is this

aconitum spp. aka: monkshood, wolfsmane

which toxin is this

aconitine

facts about species aconitum

• 350 species worldwide

• used by many cultures

• known as a poison (arrow)

common causes of aconitum toxicity

• contamination, adulteration, inadequate processing of roots, large doses, mistakenly consumed instead of edible wild plant

aconitine is agonist of…

voltage-gated Na+ channels

• keeping them open longer and delaying repolarization

symptoms: weakness, numbness, vomiting, dizziness, arrhythmia, coma, death

plant and technique used in traditional chinese medicine

spirea japonica

pao zhi technique

what plant is this

spirea japonica

taxus spp. (yew) characteristics

• common ornamental shrub/tree

• often highly manicured

• non-flowering conifer

which family are taxus alkaloids from

taxaceae

what plant do these belong to

taxus baccata

• fruit, seed, aril, male cone

all aspect of taxus are poisonous except for

aril, the seed inside is toxic but it is big enough to avoid

definition of aril

accessory covering of certain seeds that commonly develop from seed stalk, found in angiosperms and gymnosperms

what plant is this

Juniperus L. (juniper berries)

family: cupressaceae

what is juniper used for

not a true berry, used as a spice in european cuisine, gives gin its flavor. is the only spice derived from conifers

history og yew trees

• slow growing

• oldest in europe in wales church is 5,000 years old

• all parts are toxic except aril (even after drying)

  • deer can browse on it, not live stock

which toxin is this

taxin b

which plant is this and which toxin affects it

• taxus baccata L. (taxine b toxin)

• in plant parts (leaves and seeds)

• red aril is edible

what does taxine do molecularly? symptoms of the body?

antagonist- inhibits calcium and sodium channels

symptoms: hypotension, cardiac arrest, death

which drug is this

paclitaxel (from taxus spp.)

often used with oter drugs

paclitaxel binds ___ to prevent break down, and induceses ___

tubulin, apoptosis

taxus alkaloids are useful in…

anti-cancer agents

which drug is this

docetaxel (from taxus spp.)

cancer drug

two cardiac glycosides

cardenolide, bufadienolides (not discussed in this class)

which toxin is this

cardenolide

MAIN plant families that carry cardiac glycodies

• apocynaceae (dogmane)

• plantaginaceae

• aspargaceae

• ranunculaceae

components of a glycoside

• sugar

• glycosidic bond

  • aglycone

major target of cardiac glycosides

sodium potassium pump- aims to block it

how to cardiac glycodies affect the sodium potassium pump

• disables cardiac Na/K pump

• Na increases causing Ca to increase

• causes intense muscle contractions (troponin) and death

what treats symptoms caused by blocking the Na/K pump by cardiac glycosides

atropine, stimulates heart

apocynaceae (dogbane)

• 5000 spp.

• most toxic (cardiac glycosides)

• produce cardioactive steroids

• others produce monoterpene indole alkaloids that affect CNS

what plant is this

apocynaceae (dogbane)

caterpillars feasts on ___ and stores toxin to adult stages

asclepias spp. (milkweed)

what toxin is this, and what plant/family is it from

digoxin

digitalis lanata

plantaginaceae family

what toxin is this, and what plant/family is it from

ouabin toxin

strophantus kombe (arrow poison)

apocynaceae famiily

effects of this toxin

ouabin: increases cardiac output, rapidly eliminated

what is this toxin and its affects

digoxin is used in systolic heart failure, increases cardiac output, reduces hospitalizations

what plant is this and its family and toxin

digitallis spp. (foxglove)

plantaginaceae, contains digitoxin

what toxin is this

DIGItoxin

what plant is tis and its toxin

nerium oleander (oleander), apocynaceae family

• oleandrin

whic toxin is this

oleandrin

toxicity of nerium oleander

whole plant is toxic whether it is fresh or dried

which plant is this, its family, and toxin?

adonis spp. (pheasants eye), ranunculaceae

• cardiac glycosides

which plant is tis, its family, and toxin?

convallaria majalis, aspagaceae family, convallotoxin

which toxin is this

conballotoxin (cardiac glycoside)

plant families affecting muscles

menispermaceae, loganiaceae, fabaceae, solanaceae, apiaceae

types of muscles

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

muscles under voluntary control

skeletal muscles

muscles under autonomic NS and hormones from blood

smooth muscles

muscle autonomous activity but also influenced by autonomic NS

heart, cardiac muscles

rest and digest is…

parasympatetic NS (stimulates)

flight and fight…

sympathetic NS (inhibits)

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are in

all neuromusclar junctions

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

produce PNS effects

which pathway is this

neuromusclar junction

smooth muscles respond to signals from

blood and hormones

muscle contraction depends on ___ that depends on ___ and ___

depolarization, acetycholine, calcium

muscle paralyzing toxins (paralyzihng curares)

menispermaceae, loganiaceae, fabaceae

what plant and family is this

chondrodendron tomentosum, menispermaceae

paralyzing curares toxin

which toxin is this and which plant is it from

• tubocurarine

• chondrodendron tomentosum

how was curare used

• arrow poison by sout american natives to hunt animals

• hunters could eat infected flesh with no effects

• poison is effective parenterally

tubocurarine is an ___ of nicotinic type of ____

antagonist, acetycholine receptors

which toxic alkaloid is this

strychnine

which plant contains strychnine

strychnos nux vomica

glycine receptors agonize ___ channel, causing ____

chloride, hyperpolarization

where are glycine receptors mainly found

spinal cord