HIST 103 - Midterm

Neolithic/ Agricultural Revolution

#1 - Global shift towards farming and settled villages and away from hunting and gathering, most likely because of the domestication of dogs.

#2 - Historically significant because it was necessary to establish permanent, highly organized settlements, aka the first cities and bring humanity into the modern world.

Sargon of Akkad*

#1. Around 2,350 BC, he became the first emperor of Sumer.

#2. He adopted Sumerian writing (cuneiform) and religious practices (syncretism)

Enheduanna*

#1. Around 2251 BC, Son of Sargon, as a priestess of Akkadian and Sumerian temples

#2. Helps unite sumerian and Akkadian relgions, becomes the first recorded author in history using I in potery,

Code of Hammurabi

#1 - An ancient Babylonian legal code.

#2 - Earliest and one of the most comprehensive written legal codes in human history

Menes/Narmer*

#1 - Around 3100 BC, a king of Egypt

#2 - Known for uniting Lower and Upper Egypt

Hyksos

#1 - People who live near the Middle Kingdom of Egypt

#2 - Invade the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and are very successful at diminishing the power of Middle Egypt and introduce chariots to the Egyptian world.

Akhenaton*

#1 - Egyptian pharaoh who existed around 1370 BC

#2 - Broke the mold of Egyptian pharaohs and their cult, shifting Egypt’s religion to monotheism focused on the sun god. Depicts himself as more androgynous. Moves the capital.

Hatshepsut*

#1 - Female pharaoh that reigns over Egypt 1450BC

#2 - Rules as a “female” pharaoh not the traditional role of a queen which was not a female ruler. Sees her self that “female” king.

Tutankhamun*

#1 - Son of Akhenaten, ruled over Egypt in 1329 BC

#2 - Wasn't largely successful but was very well known for the gold mask placed over his face; shifted religion back to polytheism.

The Book of the Dead (Egypt)

#1 - Collection of pieces of writing

#2 - about funerals, egyptain death and the afterlife

Ramses II

#1 - Pharaoh of Egypt

#2 - Expands Egyptian territory in Syria, Nubia, Palestine, and Sudan. The Phraoh when Egypt of the new kingdom when Egypt is at the most powerful

Sea Peoples

#1 -References to people that were mentioned in texts from Mesopotamia, Egypt, ect..

#2 - Attacks everywhere around the Mediterranean: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan, Mycenaean, and Ancient Greek and Bronze Age civilizations. Known for helping to end of the Bronze Age

Linear A

#1 - An undeciphered script found in the area of modern day crete

#2- Undeciphered language found among the Minoan Cretan peoples. It appears to be a pictographic/syllabic writing system, but the language it records is unknown

Linear B

#1- Appears in Cretan and Mycenaean Greek city-states after Linear A.

#2 - has been translated and revealed to be an earlier form of Greek.

Homer

#1 - Ancient Greek poet; identity remains pretty hidden; historians don’t know if he is real?

#2 - Known for creating the Iliad and the Odyssey.

Arête

#1 - Ancient Greek for ‘excellence’

#2 - The notion that personal qualities of pride, honor, and bravery, especially when proved through combat, are the ultimate goal for mankind. Developed in the writings of Homer lead to a highly competitive life

Helot

#1 - Citizens of other neighboring states that Sparta enslaved had them do their labor

#2 - Helped to allow sparta to become as powerful because it outsourced their labor.

Hoplite

#1 -Type of soldier found in archaic greece and later. They fought on foot, in tight formation.

#2 -The advantages of the hoplite style formed the basis of Greek military superiority in years to come.

Cyrus the Great of Persia*

#1 -Shahenshah, or Emperor of Persia, 550 BC.

#2 -Responsible for much of the dramatic expansion of the Achaemenid Empire. Established Satrapies and used a variety of techniques to secure the allegiance of conquered territories, including infrastructure building, generous treaty terms, and advocacy for the oppressed.

Cleisthenes*

#1 -Known as the ‘father of democracy’, rose to power around 508 BC

#2 -he gained political power by promising radical legal reforms to benefit the poor. He expanded the ability of citizens to actively participate in government by offering financial compensation for attending legal proceedings. Sent ambassadors to Persia.

Battle of Marathon*

#1 - Happens around 490 BC; the Greeks are in a formation that provides a false wall for the persians to fall into their trap and end up surrounded by the athenians and they get ambushed

#2 - The Persians invaded Greece, fought in the Greek city of marathon and results in a unecepted greek victory.

Battle of Salamis*

#1 - Happens around 480 BC. Athenians trick the Persians by going into an enclosed bay and then destroying the persian navy.

#2 -Enormous naval victory for Athens

Herodotus*

#1 - lives around 428 BC

#2 - Completes the histories, an account of the persian greek wars and the rise of the Persian Empire.

Delian League

#1 - Alliance formed to defend Greece against Persia.

#2 -It was named after the sacred island of Delos, where the oath of alliance was taken. Athens quickly took advantage of its status and wealth to convert the league from a voluntary alliance to an empire.

Thucydides*

#1 -Greek historian of the Peloponnesian War, alive around 430 BC.

#2 - Famous for his unromantic view of political relationships. “The strong do what they will, the weak do what they must.”

Sophist

#1 - Job in ancient Greece taught people how to win arguments,

#2- Helped wealthy people subvert the democracy and motivated people to kill society.

Sacred Band of Thebes

#1- Band of phalanx warriors that came out of Thebes

#2- Known for caring more about each other because they were involved in homosexual relationships

Aristotle

#1 - (384 – 322 BC) Ancient Greek, like Plato and his idea but wonders what you can do with it, comes up with the categories. Make a list of traits of a thing, and then you can categorize them. philosopher

#2 -