Lopez, Nolana - 3rd period - Unit 2 Cell stuff

Cell

basic structural unit of the body

tissue

combination of similar cells

organ

collection of tissues working together to form a particular function

body system

consists of a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

organism

a life form made up of interdependent parts (cells, tissue, organs and body systems) that work together to maintain life

homeostasis

a stable environment of physiological balance, despite changes inside or outside the body. Ex: temperature control, regulation of blood glucose, and maintaining a fluid balance

cytology

study of the formation, structure and function of cells

organelles

specialized structures that enable specific functions

cell membrane/plasma membrane

surrounds every cell, separating it from the external environment

selective semipermeable membrane

determines what enters and leaves the cell

nucleus

controls the cell, responsible for the main function and reproduction of the cell

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

responsible for each person’s unique genetic makeup

cytoplasm

a semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane (where chemical reaction occur)

electrolytes

compounds made up of charged particles called ions

ions

conduct electrical currents in water or cytoplasm

Anions

negatively charged ions that create bases (bases react with acids to form salts

pH

a fluid measure that measures the presence of acid and bases

muscle cells

long, slender cells with muscle tissue, allow muscles to contract and relax

epithelial cells

flat, square cells covering the skin and lining the digestive tract and hollow organs

fat cells

contain large empty spaces to store fat

nerve cells

long and fibrous extensions to carry nerve impulses

blood cells

vary in size and shape according to their function

sex cells

the ovum (female sex cells) is the largest cell in the body, the sperm (male sex cells) is the smallest

mitosis

results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

meiosis

type of cell division that produces sex cells (gametes)

genetics

study of ways in which genes are transferred from individuals to their offspring and the role genes play in the health of the offspring

genetic/hereditary disorders

are disease or conditions caused by a defective gene, may be present at birth or may not be apparent until later in life

anabolism

a building-up process in which energy combines smaller units into molecules or groups of 2 or more atoms that chemically bond together with specific properties

aplasia

condition in which a cell, tissue or organ does not grow or develop normally

carcinogenesis

formation of development of cancer

endocytosis

process in which substances are brought inside a cell

eukaryotic

having a clearly defined nucleus

exocytosis

process in which substances are transported outside of a cell

histogenesis

production of tissues

hypertonic

having a greater pressure or concentration in a solution than a cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, resulting in cellular shrinking

hypotonic

having a lower pressure or concentration in solute than a cell, causing water to flow into the cell, resulting in cellular swelling

isotonic

having equal or concentration inside or outside of a cell

lysosomes

organelles that destroy pathogens and non-functional cells

prokaryotic

no clearly defined nucleus

Tissue - biopsy

allows a provider to remove a small piece , a portion of an organ , or an entire for microscopic reasons

pathologist

a physician who specializes in the study of disease, examines the tissue or sections of the organ under a microscope

epithelial tissue

forms the skin covering the surface of the body, lines the internal organs, and makes up certain glands

simple epithelium

Tissue with one layer of cells

stratified epithelieum

tissue with more than one layer

squamous

flat shape

cuboidal

cube-shaped

columnar

cells shaped like a column

connective tissue

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

dense connective tissue

bone, cartilage

loose connective tissue

nerve cells, blood cells

adipose tissue

also referred to as fat, provides heat retaining insulation

liquid connective tissue

blood, lymph

Muscle tissue

contracts (shortens) to produce bodily movements

Skeletal/voluntary muscle

attached to the bone, works with the musculoskeletal system to generate movement at will

cardiac muscle

only found within the heart and is responsible for the pumping function of the heart

smooth/ visceral/ involuntary muscle

lines the walls of hollow organs ( like those in the digestive tract)

Peristalsis

results from smooth muscle alternating contraction and stretching motions (helps move substance along a pathway)

Nervous Tissue

makes up the nervous system and made of neurons (receive and conduct electrochemical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body)

body systems

made up of groups of organs that work together to perform complex actions and functions

Integumentary system

made of skin, hair, nails, sweat and glands (Protects the body by acting as a physical barrier against pathogens, harmful chemicals, and ultraviolet rays, regulates body temp and fluid balance, produces vitamin D, necessary for calcium absorption, sensory signals throughout the body)

Skeletal system

Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons (provides support and shape of the body, produces internal organs and tissues, produces blood cells, stores calcium and minerals)

Muscular system

muscles (allows voluntary and involuntary body movement, produces heat through energy generated by muscles)

Nervous sytem

brain, spinal cord and nerves ( transmits messages about sensory stimuli between the brain and other parts

Endocrine system

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads)

Respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs ( delivers life-sustaining oxygen throughout the bod, expels carbon dioxide, filters airborne pathogens, regulates pH)

Cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels ( pumps blood throughout the body, carries carbon dioxide to the lungs and other chemical wastes to the kidneys and lungs for elimination

Lymphatic (immune) system

protects the body from microorganisms that cause disease, maintains a proper balance of blood and lymphatic system

Digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder, liver, appendix, rectum, anus (responsible for the ingestion, breakdown and absorption of nutrients, removes solid waste)

Urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (filters blood to remove waste , regulates electrolytes and fluid balance)

Reproductive system

female - mammary gland, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina male p penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland (allows for offspring)