ap psych fiveable unit 4

actor/observer bias

The tendency to attribute your own behavior to situational causes while attributing others’ behavior to internal traits.

Social cultural and psychological factors of aggression

-Aversive events

-frustration aggression principle: the blocking of an attempt to reach a goal and frustration resulting from it

-aversive stimuli: hot temperature, pain, insults

Ex. Being hangry

Reinforcement modeling and self control: more likely to use aggression when it pays off in a certain situation

Media models: media can sometimes encourage people to act aggressively

Social script: things like firedrills your made to know how to act in a situation

The Lucifer Effect

Smaller requests can turn into worse ones, evil doesnt always come from an evil figure it can be a normal person

The minority influence

The power of one or two individuals to sway minorities

The power of thr individual

Social control- the power of the situation

Personal control- the power of the insividual

A bad situation can make someone act bad or it can make them into a hero if they resist

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behvaior intended to harm someone whether out of hostility or means to an end

Ex girl in high school who bullied you, being mugged by someone, someone who turns to violence in a moment of anger

There can be

Genetic influences

Neural, biochemical

Alcohol and aggression

alcohol lowers someones restraint to do things a disinhibitor

social exchange theory

The theory that socializing is an exchange where your always trying to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Ex donating blood because the rewards (money, snacks) outweigh the costs (discomfort)

Reciprocity norm

• An expectation people will help not hurt, those who have helped them

• Causes us to help those in similar status as much as we receive (gifts, favors)

• Things like paying it forward

Social Responsibility Norm

• expectation we should help those who need our help

• Ex, young children, people who dont have anything to give, even if costs outweigh the benefits

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social Trap

• a situation where the conflicting parties by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become cauggt in mutually destructive behavior

• real life example- pit our individual interests against our communal well being

Ex. People not having electric cars because they are more expensive. thinking that their car isnt making enough greenhouse gases. Although when enough people reason similarly the coolective results may threaten disaster or significant effects.

• challenges our reconcile our right to pursue our perosnal well being with our responsibility for the well being of all

Drive Reduction Theory

Psychodynamic view of personality

Humanistic view of personailty

Social cognitive view of personailty

Behaviorist view of personality

Role

• a set of expectations (norms) about a social position that a person fufills

Ex stanford prison experiment

Cops and prisoners believed their roles

Cognitive dissonance

discomfort when we feel our thoughys and feelings are conflicting

Ex. Smoking and knowing its bad for you you may quit or just find out some excuse to justify smoking to cope with discomfort

attribution theory

The theory explaining how people interpret and explain the causes of behavior in themselves and others.

attributions

Explanations people create about why behaviors or events occur.

dispositional attributions

Explanations that attribute behavior to internal characteristics such as personality or ability.

downward social comparison

Comparing yourself to someone perceived as worse off to boost self-esteem.

explanatory style

The habitual way someone explains positive and negative events.

external locus of control

The belief that outside forces like luck or fate determine outcomes.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize personality factors and underestimate situational factors when judging others.

internal locus of control

The belief that personal effort and choices determine outcomes.

locus of control

Beliefs about whether outcomes are controlled internally or externally.

mere exposure effect

The tendency to develop a preference for things simply because of repeated exposure.

optimistic explanatory style

Explaining good events as internal and stable, and bad events as external and temporary.

person perception

The process of forming impressions about others.

pessimistic explanatory style

Explaining bad events as internal and stable, and good events as external and temporary.

relative deprivation

Dissatisfaction arising from comparing yourself to others who seem better off.

self-fulfilling prophecy

When expectations influence behavior in a way that makes the expectation come true.

self-serving bias

The tendency to credit internal factors for success and external factors for failure.

situational attributions

Explanations that attribute behavior to environmental or external factors.

social comparison

Evaluating oneself by comparing to others.

upward social comparison

Comparing yourself to someone perceived as better off.

attitude change

The process of modifying an existing attitude.

attitude formation

The development of attitudes through experience and influence.

belief perseverance

Holding onto beliefs even when evidence contradicts them.

cognitive dissonance

Psychological discomfort caused by conflicting attitudes or behaviors.

cognitive load

The mental effort required to process information.

confirmation bias

The tendency to seek information that confirms existing beliefs.

discrimination

Unjust treatment of individuals based on group membership.

ethnocentrism

Believing one’s own culture is superior to others.

implicit attitudes

Unconscious beliefs or evaluations about a group.

in-group bias

The preference for members of one’s own group.

just-world phenomenon

The belief that people get what they deserve.

out-group homogeneity bias

The perception that members of other groups are more alike than they really are.

prejudice

A negative attitude toward a group or its members.

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people.

altruism

Helping behavior motivated by selfless concern for others.

attentional variables

Factors affecting whether someone notices a situation requiring help.

burnout

Emotional and physical exhaustion from prolonged stress.

bystander effect

Reduced likelihood of helping when others are present.

central route to persuasion

Persuasion through logical arguments and careful thinking.

collectivism

A cultural focus on group goals and interdependence.

conformity

Adjusting behavior to match group norms.

deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in group settings.

diffusion of responsibility

Reduced sense of responsibility when others are present.

door-in-the-face technique

Making a large request before a smaller one to increase compliance.

elaboration likelihood model

The theory that persuasion occurs via central or peripheral routes.

false consensus effect

Overestimating how much others share your beliefs.

foot-in-the-door technique

Making a small request before a larger one.

group polarization

Group discussion strengthens members’ initial views.

groupthink

Prioritizing group harmony over realistic evaluation.

halo effect

Allowing one positive trait to influence overall judgment.

individualism

A cultural focus on personal goals and independence.

industrial-organizational psychology

The study of workplace behavior and productivity.

informational social influence

Conforming because you believe others are correct.

multiculturalism

Recognition and respect for cultural diversity.

normative social influence

Conforming to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

obedience

Following orders from authority figures.

peripheral route to persuasion

Persuasion through superficial cues like attractiveness.

persuasion

The process of changing attitudes or beliefs.

prosocial behavior

Positive actions intended to help others.

situational variables

Environmental factors influencing behavior.

social debt

A sense of obligation to repay help received.

social facilitation

Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.

social influence theory

How individuals’ thoughts and behaviors are shaped by others.

social loafing

Reduced effort when working in a group.

social norms

Expected rules for behavior in a group.

social reciprocity norm

The expectation that people return favors.

social responsibility norm

The belief that people should help those in need.

social situation

A context involving interaction with others.

social traps

Situations where individual interests conflict with collective welfare.

superordinate goals

Shared goals that require cooperation.

denial

Refusing to accept reality.

displacement

Redirecting emotions to a safer target.

ego defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies that reduce anxiety.

humanistic theory

The view that personality is driven by growth and self-fulfillment.

preconscious

Thoughts not currently in awareness but easily retrieved.

projection

Attributing your own unacceptable thoughts to others.

projective tests

Personality tests using ambiguous stimuli.

psychodynamic theory of personality

The theory that personality is shaped by unconscious forces.

rationalization

Creating logical excuses for behavior.

reaction formation

Acting opposite to true feelings.

regression

Reverting to earlier behaviors under stress.

repression

Blocking distressing thoughts from awareness.

self-actualizing tendency

The drive to fulfill one’s potential.