EXSS 181 Exam 1 UNC

What is Sport & Exercise Psychology?

The scientific study of human behaviour in sport and exercise, and the practical application of that knowledge

What are the 3 Roles of Sports Psychologists?

- Research

- Teach

- Consult

What are two Major types of questions in the field?

- Psychological factors on sport/physical activity behavior and performance

- Participating in sport/physical activity on psychological development, health, and well-being

What is B=f(P,E)?

The formula created by Lewin that states that behavior is a function of the person and his or her environment

Who is Coleman Griffith?

The Father of Modern Sport Psychology who conducted the first research lab

Who is Norman Triplett?

Key figure in history of social and sport & exercise psychology, studied social facilitation of bikers, and tested whether bikers rode faster when in groups than alone

What is Personality?

That pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations

What are the 6 periods of Sports Psychology?

- Early Years (1895-1920)

- Griffith Era (1921-1938)

- Preparation for the Future (1939-1965)

- Establishment of Academic Branch (1966-1977)

- Multidisciplinary Research (1978-2000)

- Contemporary (2000-Present)

What are the 3 Ways of Knowing?

- Common Sense

- Practical Experience

- Science

What are 4 steps of the Scientific Method?

- Develop the problem

- Formulate Hypothesis

- Gather Data

- Analyze and Interpret results

What are the 5 approaches to Personality?

- Psychodynamic Approach

- Trait Approach: Big Five

- Situational Approach: social learning

- Interactional Approach: B = f(P,E)

- Phenomenological Approach: person's understanding of their own environment

What is a Trait Approach?

- Consistant

- Generalizable

What are the 2 theories that suggest that the situation influences personality development?

- Situation Approaches

- Interactional Approaches

What is Motivation?

The direction and intensity of effort

- Direction - approach/avoid or attraction

- Intensity - how much effort, persistence

What are Attributions?

Interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failure

What are the 3 characteristics of Attribution?

- Stability

- Locus of Causality

- Locus of Control

What is Self-Bias?

Making attributions that help you increase or maintain your self-esteem and confidence

What is Learned Helplessness?

A psychological state where people have learned that failure is inevitable and out of their control

What is the Achievement Goal Theory?

- People are motivated to demonstrate competence

- Motivation is influenced by the personal meaning one assigns to perceived success and failure

What is Task/Mastery Achievement?

- Possible for all participants to be successful

- Success more in participant's control

What is Ego Achievement?

- A limited number of people can be successful

- Success less in participant's control

What are the 4 possible combinations for goal orientations?

- High task, low ego

- High task, high ego

- Low task, low ego

- Low task, high ego

What are the 2 conceptions of Ability?

- Undifferentiated concept of ability

* an inability or a choice not to differentiate between ability and effort.

- Differentiated concept of ability

*a person is able to, and chooses to, differentiate between ability and effort

What are the two types of Motivation Climate?

- Mastery climate: Emphasis on learning, effort, individual improvement, and cooperation tend to evoke task involvement

- Performance (competitive) climate: Emphasis on competition, winning, and social comparison tend to evoke ego involvement

What is the Competence Motivation Model?

1. Perceptions of control (over whether one can learn and perform skills) work along with self-worth and competence evaluations to influence motivation.

2. Perceptions of control , competence, self-esteem do not influence motivation directly.

3. Rather, these perceptions influence affective or emotional states (e.g., enjoyment, anxiety, pride, shame) that in turn influence motivation.

What are Mastery Attempts?

- Sporting Choices

- Intensity

- Persistence

What are the 3 stages of children's competence?

- Autonomous Competence

- Social Comparison

- Integrated Stage

What is Arousal?

A general state of activation from deep sleep

to extreme excitement

What is Anxiety?

A negative emotional state characterized by

nervousness, worry, apprehension and increased

physiological activation

What is State Anxiety?

The actual apprehension

and tension felt at a given time (in the moment)

What is Trait Anxiety?

The tendency to become anxious in stressful situations(dispositional)

What is Cognitive Anxiety?

The Mental component of Anxiety

What is Somatic Anxiety?

The Physiological component of Anxiety

What are the two ways that anxiety affects performance?

- Increased muscle tension and coordination difficulties

- Attention and concentration changes

What is the Drive Theory?

The idea that the relationship between anxiety and performance is direct and linear

What is Stress?

A relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person and endangers his/her well-being

What is Cognitive Appraisal?

An evaluation of whether the encounter has significance for the person's well-being

What is Primary Appraisal?

What is at stake?

What is Secondary Appraisal?

What can be done?

What is Coping?

Constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts used to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person

What is Problem-Foucused Coping?

Efforts directed at changing the transaction

What is Emotion-Focused Coping?

Efforts directed at changing the emotional response without changing the transaction

What are the key components of the Sport Competition Process?

1) Objective Competition Situation

2) Subjective Competition Situation

3) Response

4) Consequences

Whats is Objective Competitive Situation?

Standards are set by:

1) An individual's past performance

2) An idealized performance

3) Another individual's performance

What is Subjective Competitive Situation?

Individual's perceptions, interpretations, and appraisals of the competitive situation

What is Response?

Whether an individual approaches a competitive

situation and how he or she does so

What is Consequence?

The longer-term effects/outcomes of the competitive process

What is Competition?

A social process that occurs when rewards are given to people on the basis of how their performances compare with the performances of others doing the same task or participating on the same event

What is Cooperation?

A social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal

What is Modeling?

the cognitive, affective, and behavioral changes that result from observing others

What are the 3 types of Modeling effects?

- Skill/behavior acquisition

- Psychological responses

- Response facilitation (behaviors already learned)

What are the 4 key components of the model process?

- Attention

- Retention

- Motor Reproduction

- Motivation

What are the 4 primary ways to measure degrees of learning?

- Verbal production

- Recognition

- Comprehension test

- Actual performance

What is a positive reenforcement?

Increases the likelihood of a behavior that precedes it

What is a Negative reenforcement?

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior that precedes it

What is a Positive Approach?

- Strengthens desired behavior by motivating participants to perform or exhibit them, and by reinforcing the behaviors when they occur

- Focuses on correct performance

- Praise, encouragement, and instruction are key elements

What is a Negative Approach?

- Attempts to eliminate undesirable behaviors through punishment and criticism

- Focuses on performance errors or negative behaviors

- Fear of failure is a key problem

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

- Behaviors demonstrated voluntarily, in the absence of constraints imposed by others

- Performing an activity for its own sake

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

Behaviors displayed for the purpose of achieving some end and not for its own sake

What are the 2 aspects of Cognitive Evaluation Theory and Rewards?

- Controlling Aspect

- More controlling = undermine intrinsic motivation

Affects autonomy perceptions

- Informational Aspect

- More informational = enhance intrinsic motivation

Affects competence perceptions