Intel and Crime Test #2

What is operation PIVOT?

violence-reduction strategy that targets persistent, geographically concentrated violence in small crime hot spot areas

a small number of micro-locations were responsible for the majority of violent crime incidents, how does operation PIVOT deal with this?

PIVOT attempted to identify those “place networks” and interrupt or dismantle them through coordinated enforcement, crime analysis, and community / city interventions

focused ______ with ____ based interventions

focused DETERRENCE with PLACE BASED interventions

what are place based interventions?

targeting the environment and spatial networks that support crime

what are the four location categories within Operation PIVOT?

1. Crime sites

2. Convergent settings

3. comfort locations

4. corrupt places

what are crime sites?

where the crime occured

what are convergent settings?

places that bring together potential offenders / victims

what are comfort locations?

places that bring a sentence of safety and anonymity or protection for offenders, places that they can safely discuss crime plans and package illegal substances, friend’s houses, vacant buildings

what are corrupt places

places that unintentionally facilitate crime (pawn shops, illegal auto shops, recycling centers)

what is social network analysis?

the analysis of social relations and criminal associations, conspiracy

what are the important concepts in social network analysis?

social capital, criminal capital, human capital, bridge, nodes, dyads

what is a broker according to social network analysis?

a person with a specialty that can connect them to

what is the centrality metric of social network analysis?

key players

social network analysis has what type of structure?

organizational

the hope of ILP rides on the possibility that any increase in the sentence rate manages to target the ____

6% that causes about 60% of crime

the assumption that ILP will target the 6% that causes 60% of crime assumes that what?

the increased detections will target the right offenders and the benefits of this approach outweigh other crime prevention tactic

the challenge in targeting the criminal elite is what?

that they tend to be very elusive

some strategies that target lower-level criminals could be immensely harmful to who?

local communities

____ ____ is the key to long-term crime control

crime prevention

greater crime prevention can improve our ability to do what?

to bring serious and prolific offenders to justice

one current measure of success in policing is what?

the number of arrests

a preventative focus would ____

reduce the number of offenders from which an officer can demonstrate worthiness for promotion.

a change in _____ may be required to resolve the issue of changing how many offender arrests determine how an officer is promoted

police managerial practice

crime reduction includes the impacts of what two things?

crime displacement and diffusion of benefits

prosecution requires the development of ____ rather than _____

evidence rather than just intelligence

disruption occurs when…

the criminal business is affected as a result of law enforcement action

crime prevention involves any activity by an individual or group, public or private, to do what?

eliminate crime either before it occurs or before any additional activity results

what is primary prevention?

identifying conditions of the physical and social environment that create, precipitate, or provide opportunities for criminal behavior

what is secondary prevention?

aims to reduce risks associated with those people vulnerable to involvement in crime, and to ameliorate the chance of high risk offenders developing more serious criminal activities

what is tertiary prevention?

deals with actual offenders and involves intervening with the lives of these offenders in a manner that prevents them from committing other crimes and includes arrest and prosecution, reform, and rehabilitation, and institutional education programs

what is the ILP perspective for tertiary prevention?

this level deals with prevention benefits from the arrest and prosecution of high-risk, prolific, and persistent offenders

what is the ILP perspective for secondary prevention?

this level provides opportunities to identify priorities for resource allocation and targeting

regardless of who, whet it comes to crime solutions, the first question is usually what?

what should the police do?

the value of police officers is not in how many we have but ____

how and where there are employed or deployed

the presence of police officers alone, have a ____ _____ on criminality

dampening effect

crime is highly concentrated where?

in certain locations, and a small percentage of the population is responsible for a significant percentage of the crime

the reduction of crime due to compstat like processes were attributed to what?

the increased arrest rate RATHER than other extraneous factors

what are two examples of a focused deterrence strategy?

pulling-lever strategy, operation ceasefire

what does a focused deterrence strategy do?

draws heavily on criminal intelligence in the planning phase, and tries to change offender behaviors by understanding the underlying violence producing dynamics and conditions that sustain recurring violent crimes.

what are the six steps to a focused deterrence strategy

1. select a crime problem

2. form an inter-agency enforcement group

3. conduct research and identify the key offenders

4. conduct a special enforcement operation targeted to these offenders and groups of offenders

5. simultaneously direct services and the moral voice of the community to the same group

6. communicate to the group that they are under scrutiny, which activities will attract additional attention, and what to do to avoid police action

tactical police strategies appear to be more effective when ______

when combined with other problem-solving and preventative tactics

a greater focus on problem-solving is emanating not only from the street level, but where?

the high policing domain (transnational crime and national security)

beneficial non-enforcement options for ILP crime reduction includes what?

family therapy by clinical staff for delinquent and pre-delinquent youth, short term vocational training for older male ex-offenders, prison based therapeutic community treatment of drug-involved offenders

what programs don’t work

gun buy back programs, short term, non-residential training programs for at-risk youth, specific deterrence programs such as scared straight

more than what percentage of police departments use directed energy weapons such as tasers?

80%

what are the three driving forces that have catapulted technology into policing?

all of above

The FBI’s ____ _____ ____ has helped police to process millions of ID requests a month

next generation Identification system

what technologies have redefined crime mapping?

spacial technology

police mapping crime with pins and paper has been replaced by what?

GIS (geographic information systems)

most of these technological have what kind of application?

tactical applications rather than strategic value, the growth has then been towards micro level analysis (like crime hotspots down to street level)

what important elements must be considered when considering the implementation of new technology to ILP?

1. ongoing need to train analysts

2. realistic expectations regarding the success of the technology

3. quality of data can often be poor and unreliable (due to officer mistake, etc..) putting pressure on officers to record data might cause data to be of lower quality

two questions appear relevant regarding technology and impacting the criminal environment, what are they?

1. how can technology enhance existing crime control strategies

2. how can it enable new approaches

Koper and colleagues found that officers were much more likely to use IT to guide and assist them with _____ than more strategic proactive tasks

traditional enforcement oriented activities (locating persons of interest and checking the call history of a location)

technology seems to be more accepted if it succumbs to what?

existing expectations of the police role rather than tries to define it in new ways

officers wearing body worn cameras have been found to use _____ discretion write _____ citations, make ____ stop and frisks and effect ____ arrests

less discretion, more citations, fewer stop and frisks, effect fewer arrests

what technologies are of particular interest to ILP?

1. crime mapping

2. analysis tools using GIS systems

3. predictive policing

4. social media

most activities that are of a policing nature have a _____ context

spatial context

however there has been a relatively slow diffusion and adoption of ____ until recently

GIS

not only generating hotspots and other policing related information, GIS is associated with what?

police accountability and geographic allocation of police personnel

many places are primarily focused on making sure police are

in the right place at the right time

crime hot spot maps can most effectively guide police action when _____

production of these maps is guided by theory

maps of crime are the starting point for

analysis, NOT THE END POINT

accountability can help monitor what

strategy implimentation, and geography becomes a foundation not only for police operation, but also for a better understanding of crime problems

what is predictive policing?

the use of historical data to create a spatiotemporal forecast of areas of criminality or crime hot spots that will be the basis for police resource allocation decisions.

while predictive policing is used for predicting offenders, it has attracted the most attention on what?

the geography of crime (the time and location of future incidents in a crime pattern or series)

there has NOT been robust evaluations of the effectiveness of what?

predictive policing to reduce crime

The Shreveport Louisiana PILOT program had what results?

did not have encouraging results

to reduce crime, the predictive software algorithm must be able to predict what

predict crime better that existing methods of crime prediction available (like crime analysts or street officer knowledge)

changes in _____ predict long term crime patterns BETTER THAN with mapping crime data alone

CHANGES IN DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS

for now, many commercial software programs combine what

long term and short term crime patterns in their prediction

if the prediction algorithm is functioning optimally, then what?

the police command system must be able to identify and deploy an appropriate tactic to reduce crime

there have not been any reliable studies that can inform police commanders as to the best way to do what?

police predicted areas

how is social media used in predictive policing?

seeking public assistance or communicating with the public, monitoring public events for possible trouble, and keeping an eye on suspect’s public social media pages

81% of law enforcement that use social media use it in what way?

use it as a tool in investigations, ¾ of them believe that social media can help solve cases more quickly

the 2015 us presidents task force on 21st century policing recommended that new technologies should be designed considering what?

local needs and aligned with national standards, with inputs and assessment from members of the community

covert directed surveillance involves fairly mundane processes directed at who?

particular individuals usually simply following, watching and listening to people without their knowledge

the code of practice associated with the regulation of investigatory powers act (2000) describes surveillance as what?

covert surveillance that is not intrusive but is carried out in relation to a specific investigation or operation in such a manner as is likely to result in the obtaining of private information about any person.

what is intrusive surveillance?

covert surveillance that is carried out in relation to anything taking place on residential premises or in any private vehicle

in the US, there is less restriction or regulation around what

law enforcement using information gathering technologies (automatic license plate readers)

police intelligence often uses what kind of platforms to gain information?

social media sites such as X, Facebook where there is a lower expectation of privacy, a US district court did uphold the right of police to view private Facebook photos of a suspect accessed through one of the suspect’s online friends who was a cooperating witness.

the police are becoming more ______ rather than waiting for an offense to be committed and then responding

more proactive in targeting the offender and the potential offender

weatherburn identified five features of a rational approach to crime control

1. adequate investment in measuring and monitoring

2. open access to crime and justice information

3. reliance on evidence in the development of policy

4. commitment to rigorous evaluation

5. a flexible and eclectic approach to control

______ is essential as a first stage in determining whether policies are successful in combating crime

measuring and monitoring

evaluation is indispensable not only to inform existing operations but also to do what?

influence the path of future evidence-based policies

at a very basic level, evaluation boils down to two questions, what are they?

did you get what you expected

and compared to what? (was it better than your old approach)

ILP is not a tactic in the way saturation patrolling is, it is primarily a ____

leadership model that allows police commanders to understand crime problems and offending patterns in a more strategic manner and thus make more informed decisions to combat criminality

what are the three elements of the 3I model?

interpret, influence. impact

in the 3I model, crime intelligence analysis influences what?

the decision maker

in the 3I model, crime intelligence analysis interprets what?

the criminal environment

the decision maker impacts what?

the criminal environment

What are the two types of evaluation of interest?

1. outcome

2. process evaluation

what is outcome evaluation?

an assessment that explores whether a program had the desired effect, such as “was crime reduced?”

in outcome evaluation what is available while what is not?

the data is available, however, the statistical skills necessary to answer the question are not

research finds that the majority of police departments do not use any type of what?

statistical methods (beyond just counting crimes)

another reason for a lack of internally driven evaluation is that

police operations are often initiated with little though for the broader operational aims and objectives (sometimes the stated operational aims are NOT DIRECTLY measurable with the data available)

what does a process evaluation do?

evaluates whether a program was implemented as planned

a process evaluation allows researchers to understand why

programs apparently succeed or fail by examining the underlying processes of what took place during a crime reduction initiative

what is an example of process evaluation

officer had difficulty in accepting recommendations from civilian police analysts, officers lacked sufficient understanding of analysis to ask the right questions.

process evaluations are important in understanding what

how programs work, it is especially valuable for emergency concepts such as ILP

give an example of a randomized controlled, double-blind trial

officers are randomly assigned to either wear or NOT wear cameras. NEITHER the officers nor the evaluators analyzing outcomes know who had cameras (which is why its called double-blind)