Immunology, Antibodies and humoral defenses - Microbiology

What is a Antigen (immunogen, allergen, Ag)

Any substance that causes antibody formation

What is an Antibody (Immunoglobulin, Ab, Ig)

A protein made in response to an Antigen

What is a Antigen-Antibody reaction

Ab attaches to the Ag at a specific site

What does valence mean

The number of Ag(Antigen)-binding sites on an Ab (Antibody)

What is Acquired Immunity

immunity that develops during a person’s lifetime when the immune system responds to a foreign substance

How do you obtain natural Active acquired immunity

When you come across the antigen naturally

How do you obtain artificial Active acquired immunity

When the antigen is artificially introduced (vaccine)

What is an example of a naturally acquired active immunity

Cold viruses

What does Active acquired immunity mean

Body makes own Ab (antibodies)

What is Passive acquired immunity

Ab (antibodies) gotten from an animal or human

How is naturally acquired passive immunity gained

Antibodies go from mother to infant

How is Artificial Passive acquired immunity gained

Antibodies are received via an injection

What are examples of artificially acquired passive immunity

Antitoxins (antiserum) or Rhogam

Which type of immunity lasts the longest?

Naturally acquired active immunity

What type of Antibody is IgA

secretory Antibody

Where is IgA found

Mucous, saliva, tears, colostrum, and blood

Where is IgD found

On B lymphocyte cells

What is IgE

Antibody that triggers allergies

What is the least abundant antibody

IgE

What type of Antibody is IgG

A circulatory antibody

What does IgG do

Protects against microbes, increases phagocytosis

What is the most abundant type of antibody

IgG

What is the first antibody to arrive in response to initial exposure to antigen

IgM

What type of Antibody is IgM

A Circulatory Antibody

What is the place IgM does NOT cross

Fetal-placental membrane

What is a circulatory antibody

an antibody protein that travels freely through the bloodstream and lymphatic system

What is the region where the Antigen binds on a monomer

Fab region (arms of Y)

What is the arms of the Y shape of a monomer

Fab region (fragment of Antibody binding)

What is the stem region of the Y shape of a monomer

Fc region (fragment of cell binding)

What does the Fc region do on a monomer

binds to cells, proteins or complement

Where is the constant amino acid sequence contained in a monomer

In the Fc region (stem of Y)

What produced T cells

Stem cells in red bone marrow

Where do T cells mature

Thymus

What do T cells secrete

cytokines

What does cytokines do

Act as chemical messengers for immune cells

What is the function for Cytokines

Attract macrophages, increase antibody production

Where are B lymphocyte cells produced

Stem cells

Where do B lymphocyte cells mature

In red bone marrow

What is Humoral Immunity

Part of adaptive immune system that defends body from extracellular pathogens

What produces plasma cells

B lymphocyte cells

What produces memory cells

B lymphocyte cells

what do plasma cells produce

new antibodies and cytokines

What does Osponization do

Enhance phagocytosis

What does Agglutination do in antigen/antibody binding

reduce number of microbes

What does Neutralization do when antigen/antibody binding happens

Blocks viral attachment and neutralizes toxins

How is Congenital Immunodeficiency treated

Gene therapy (in the past put in a sterile bubble)

What is SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

Deficiency in T and B cells, No antibodies at all
(a type of Congenital Immunodeficiency)

What does Brutons disease cause

decrease of B cells and less Antibodies

What does DiGeorge syndrome cause

Less T cells

What does Aids (aquired immunodeficency syndrome) cause

decreased T cells, decreased amount of Antibodies, B cells not turned on from lack of T cells

How are Anaphylactic reactions treated

Using Anti-histamine or epinephrine