care of newborn + infant

this is missing vaccine schedule

infant stage of development

newborn thru 12 months

what is gross motor skill

controling large muscle movement (ex: arms, legs, torso, feet)

what is fine motor skill

small precise movements using tiny muscles (ex, fingers, hands, wrists)

what months are health assessments conducted

newborn, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months

key info abt health assessment for newborns and infants

look first then listen , perform most invasive procedures last (ex bp, thermometor), assess for hip dysplasia until 3 months

what are fontanelles

soft open spots on head

when do posterior fontanelles close

since they are smaller they close between 2 and 3 months

when do anterior fontanelles close

since they are larger, closes between 12 and 18 months

what is strabismus and when is it common till

cross eyed, common till 6 months

how to inspect pinna of the ear

pull it BACK and DOWN until 3 YEARS

what is diaphragmatic breathing

they breathe with their bellies until 3-4 yrs old

what is apneic breathing

temporary stop in breathing where airflow and movement of breathing muscles pause; never should last more than 20 seconds

what is acrocyanosis

purplish/blue in hands/feet up till1 month and considered normal

what is unique about heart murmers in infants

presence of S3 may be audible and may have extra beat; asyptomatic murmers are often present and normal

phyiscal varients in new borns and infants

incomplete bone ossiciation; bones are soft

what is benign metatarsus adductors

feet are turned inward

how long do babies have passive immunity for

until 6 months; living off immunity from mom

why are babies born with high levels of fetal hemoglobin and pysciological anemia

low levels of oxygen coming thru umbillical cord which is why babies breathe so fast

how long does myelination of spinal cord last

newborn to 24 months

rooting reflex

stroke side of cheek and they turn head

plantar grasp

press under ball of foot, under toes, push in with thumb and toes should curl down

babinski relfex

run object/finger along bottom of foot, big toe should point up and other toes should spread

tonic neck (fencer) reflex

when infant turns head to one side it cuases the arm and leg of the same side to straighten out while the opposite limbs bend

stepping reflex

holding body upright with feet touching flat surface they will make stepping motions

what is palming reflex

curling of an infant's fingers when an object or finger is pressed against their palm

when do infant reflexes disapeer

typically over first yr of life; babinski lasts until 24 months

when do protective relfexes develop

after disapperance of primitive reflexes ;not present till after 12 months of age

what is a newborns first stool called

meconium

what is meconium like

sticky like tar, thick and green

what is babies poop like if breastfeed

thinner consistency almost waterlike, seedy and yellow

if fed formula how is babies poop like

pastier consistency ; almost waterlike; darker in color

constipation in babies

normal to have one stool every other day and up to ten stools daily

what is grunting a sign of in babies

NOT CONSTIPATION its a sign of respiratory distress

pain scales for babies

FLACC scale and neonatal pain scale (NIPS)

how much of body weight do babies lose within the first week of life

10% but its regained by end of second week

how much weight do babies gain per day for the first three months

20 - 30 g a day

how much do babies weights fluctuate

doubles by FOUR TO SIX months and triples by TWELVE

erickson infant theory domain

psychosocial

erickson infant theory stage

trust vs mistrust

erickson infant theory

trust vs mistrust: infants learn to rely on caregivers when their basic needs are met

piaget infant theory domain

cognitive

piaget infant theory stage

sensorimotor; infants learn about the world around them thru sensations

what is piagets “object permanence”

around 8 months; understands just bc they cant see something, doesnt mean its not there

how do babies communicate

crying; different pitches based on needs

when do babies begin cooing at

2 momths

when do babies start babbling

6 months

when do babies start copying sounds

9 months

when can babies say a few words

by 12 months

when can babies use simple gestures and follow simple directions

12 months

what is babies vision at birth

20/400

when do babies get color vision

no color vision till 4-6 months only black and white

what kind of play do infants engage in

solitary play

what should younger infants play with (6 months and less)

toys that can be kicked or batted, unbreakable mirrors, contrasting patterns

what should older infants play with

toys that make noise or light up, soft dolls , teething toys, board books, large blocks

when is room sharing reccomened till

6 months

how many hrs a day do newborns sleep

16 hrs

types of vaccines

live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, conjugate

live attenuated vaccine

weakend version of virus

inactivated virus

virus killed in tbe making of the vaccine

live attenuated vaccine examples

NMR , varicella , rotavirus

toxoid vaccine

protects against bacteria that causes toxins ; weak version of a toxin that doesnt produce sickness but causes autoimmune response (EXAMPLE; DTaP)

conjugate vaccine

helps immune system recongize bacteria w polysaccharide coatings (hib vaccine )

no cows milk till

12 m

soild food around

6 m

hunger cues

rooting and sucking, crying and opening the mouth, moving hands to the mouth

what solid food to introduce first

iron fortified cereal, then add other pureed foods slowly (one new food every 3-5 days) to prevent allergies

when get first tooth

4-7 m

signs of teething

fussy, increased salivation, low grade fevers, difficutly sleeping

baby tooth care

wash gums w soft washcloth or infant toothbrush till tooth eruption

what is BRUE

brief resolved unexplained events

BRUE sym

cyanosis or pallor, irregular, slowed, absent breathing, hypertonia/hypotonia, altered level of responsivenss

how long do brue episodes last

less than 60 sec

what is baby fever

100.4

which develops first gross motor or fine motor skills

gross motor develops before fine motor

what motor milestone happens at 2 months

opens and closes hands

what motor milestone happens at 6 months

uses a raking grasp

what motor milestone happens at 9 months

uses a pincer grasp

what motor milestone happens at 12 months

feeds self with a spoon

what shows an infant is ready for solid foods

disappearance of the tongue extrusion reflex and ability to sit in a high chair with good head control

what can be used to help with teething

frozen teething rings and topical analgesics