Unit 2 Human Anatomy

skeletal muscle

attatched to bones, sometimes skin. muntinucleated, peripherally located nuclei. has striations. voluntary control, for movement, maintains posture, production of heat

where is skeletal muscle located

attatched to bones and skin

what does skeletal muscle look like

it’s multnucleated, peripherally located nuclei, and has striations

is skeletal muscle voluntarily or involuntarily controlled

voluntary

what are the functions of skeletal muscle

movement, maintaining posture, production of heat

cardiac muscle

found in the heart, centrally located nucleus, striations, branched and interconnected

where is the cardiac muscle found

in the heart

what is the appearance of cardiac muscle

centrally located nucleus, has striations, highly branched and interconnected

is cardiac muscle controllable

mostly involuntary

what is the function of cardiac muscle

to pump blood through arteries and veins

smooth muscle

found inside many organs, like stomach, intestines, blood vessels, bladder, eye, reproductive organs, centrally located nucleus; no striations, involuntary control, contracts slowly, helps push and digest food

where is the smooth muscle located

in organs (stomach, intestines, blood vessels)

what is the appearance of smooth muscle

centrally located nucleus, no striations

can you control smooth muscle

it’s involuntary

what is the function of smooth muscle

pushing and digesting food, contractions, contracts slowly

how much of your body mass is from muscle

40-50%

muscle tissue causes all

body movements

we move when muscles

contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen)

muscles contract when electricity is

present

muscles relax when electricity is

absent

muscle cells are called

muscle fibers

muscle fibers are

long skinny cells

the structure of a muscle is

muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber

two proteins __ help muscles to contract

actin and myosin

muscle tissue is filled with

blood vessels

how many types of muscle tissue are there

3 (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

cartilage stands up against _ well

compression and tension

cartilage is ___vascular

avascular

cartilage has no

nerves

cartilage matrix is

a firm ground like substance, rubber like

chondroblasts

immature cartilage cells that produce new matrix until skeleton stops growing

chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells; found in lacunae

lacunae

cavities

what are the 3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

the most common type of cartilage in the human body

hyaline cartilage matrix

contains many collagen fibers, with a glassy appearance

advantages of hyaline cartilage

it is firm with a slight flexibility

where is hyaline cartilage located

at the ends of bones, tip of the nose, costal cartilage (ribs to sternum) trachea

elastic cartilage matrix contains many

elastic fibers

advantages of elastic cartilage

it is strong and flexible

locations of elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis

fibrocartilage matrix is

rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen

advantages of fibrocartilage

resists compression and tension

locations of fibrocartilage

locations that withstand heavy pressure like intervertebral disks and knee cartilage

blood is contained within

blood vessels

blood matrix is

liquid called plasma, no collagen, elastic or reticular fibers

what are the 3 types of blood cells

red blood cells, white blood cell, platelets

red blood cell (erythrocyte) function

transport oxygen and Co2

white blood cell (leukocyte) function

fight infection

platelet (thrombocyte) function

to clot blood

bone is also known as _ tissue

osseous

functions of bone

to support, protect, store calcium, and produce blood cells

the bone matrix is

rigid due to abundant collagen fibers and calcium salts

osteoblasts

immature bone cells that produce new bone matrix

osteocytes

mature bone cells found in cavities called lacunae

bone is … (blood)

vascular

bone is composed of units called

osteons

osteons contain…(canal)

a central canal with a blood vessel

osteons contain…(matrix)

lamellae (layers of bone matrix)

what are the two types of bone?

compact and spongy bone

compact bone is…

the outer layer of bone; rigid

spongy bone is…

inside the ends of bones, has spaces filled with marrow

Connective tissue proper has what two types

loose and dense connective tissue

loose connective tissue has _ spaces between fibers of the matrix

many

what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue

areolar, reticular, adipose

areolar connective tissues function

packing material that wraps and cushions organs

location of areolar connective tissue

under epithelial tissues and around organs

areolar connective tissue matrix

gel like ground substance, has all 3 fiber types

areolar connective tissue is _ common

most

function of reticular tissue

forms a soft skeleton that supports other cells

location of reticular tissue

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

reticular tissue matrix is

gel like, but only has reticular fibers

adipose connective tissue function

energy reserves, insulates body heat, cushions organs

adipose tissue location

under skin, around kidneys and heart

adipose tissues matrix

very little matrix, made of tightly packed adipocytes (fat cells)

dense connective tissue types are…

regular, irregular, and elastic

regular dense tissue matrix is

closely packed, parallel collagen fibers, strong when pulled in one direction

location of regular dense tissue

tendons and ligaments

function of regular dense tissue

tendons connect muscle to bones/muscles, ligaments connect bones to bones

irregular dense tissue matrix

randomly arranged collagen fibers

function of irregular dense tissue

strong when pulled in many directions

location of irregular dense tissue

dermis, fibrous coverings that surround organs and joints

elastic dense tissue matrix

high number of elastic fibers

elastic dense tissue function

allows tissue to bounce back after stretching

elastic dense tissue location

walls of arteries, ligaments connecting vertebrae, lungs

four main classes of connective tissue

connective tissue proper, cartilage, blood, bone

functions of connective tissue

binding and supporting

, protecting, insulating, storing fuel, transporting substances

all connective tissues form from the same type of _ tissue known as —

embryonic tissue known as mesenchyme

all connective tissues have an extra cellular

matrix

epithelial, nervous and muscle tissue are mainly composed of

cells

2 ingredients of the matrix:

ground substance, watery material that fills the spaces in between cells. and fibers

3 types of matrix fibers

collagen, elastic, and reticular

collagen fibers

made of collagen, tough, provide strength

elastic fibers

made of elastin, stretch and bounce like rubber bands

reticular fibers

made of thin short collagen fibers, branch to form nets that support your organs

classifications of epithelial tissues

simple and stratified

simple squamous function

thin for diffusion

simple squamous location

lungs and blood vessels

functions of simple cuboidal tissue

absorption and secretion

simple cuboidal location

in walls of glands and kidney tubules