ADJ-14 Introduction to Corrections Module 4

Chapter 6: Parole and Prisoner Re-entry

Parole

Conditional release of inmates by a parole board prior to the expiration of their sentence

Alexander Maconochie

Superintendent of British penal colony on Norfolk island; created the mark system; pushed for penal reform and better treatment of prisoners

Mark system

System which allowed prisoners to earn credits against their sentence so they could be released early

Identify the four stages of the mark system

penal, associated, social, ticket of leave

Sir Walter Crofton

Director of Irish prison system, created a four-stage system of release

Identify the four stages of the Irish system

Solitary confinement, special prison, open institution, ticket of leave

Explain the origin of the Elmira Reformatory

Zebulon Brockway presented a paper on the Irish system, and became the superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory, which focused on the rehabilitation of young offenders

Under the medical model, use of indeterminate sentencing ________

increased

Justice model

Proposal to use determinate sentencing and parole boards

Just deserts model

Proposal to use fixed sentencing so that punishment fits the crim

Discretionary parol

Release of inmates where decision is made by a parole board

Supervised mandatory release

Inmate serves a determinate sentence then is released with a period of supervision

Unconditional mandatory release

Expiration of sentence with no provision of supervision

Parole guidelines

Similar to sentencing guidelines; used to predict success of an offender on parole, and their risk to the community

Salient factor score

Point determination used in parole guidelines

Number of offenders on parole has ___________ significantly in recent years, though it has started to level out

increased

3 ajor steps of the sentencing release process

Indeterminate sentence; consideration of release by a parole board; supervision in the community

Identify how members of parole boards are hired in most states

Appointment by governor

Standard conditions of parole

Given to all parolees

Special conditions of parole

Pertains to particular parolee; GPS monitoring, therapy, drug treatment

Identify the four levels of probation classification and what they determine

Intensive, basic high, basic medium, basic low; risk and needed frequency of contact

Identify five steps of the process of revoking probation.

Possible stipulated agreement, notice of violation or arrest if applicable, preliminary revocation hearing, full revocation hearing, reprimand (return to parole, modification of conditions, or return to prison)

Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) ruling

Parolees facing revocation are granted legal rights to advanced written notice of violation, opportunity to attend hearings and present witnesses/evidence, cross-examination, a neutral body to hold the hearing, and a written decision. Did not provide right to counsel.

Identify the percent of parolees who successfully complete parole

62%

Identify the percent of parolees who recidivate

67%

Offenders who are supervised upon release recidivate ____ frequently

less

Identify 5 obstacles to re-entry

Housing, employment, positive peers, substance abuse, adapting to changing society and technology

Collateral consequences

Adverse effects on the offender stemming from a conviction but are not included in the sentence; prohibition from voting, certain jobs, and public housing

Second Chance Act (2008)

Funds mentoring programs, drug treatment, education and job training, alternatives to incarceration, programming for children of incarcerated parents, early release of non-violent elderly

Reentry courts

Specialized courts that use judicial oversight to monitor offenders’ transition to the community and reduce recidivism

Maryland Scale of Scientific Methods

Used to identify crime prevention programs that work; shows that effective programs include vocational training, work release programs, drug rehabilitation, and educational programs