RS of Veg&Water Review

visible region

0.4 - 0.7 micrometers

near-infrared region

0.7 - 1.3 micrometers

short-infrared/ middle-infrared region

1.3 - 2.6 micrometers

Location (X,Y Postion)

Primary Order

Tone/Color

Primary Order

Size/Shape/Texture

Secondary Order

Pattern/Height/Shadow/Depth/Volume/Slope/Aspect

Tertiary Order

Site/Situation/Association

High Order

Use of Collateral/Convergence of Evidence/Multi-Concept

Methods of Search

Linear/ Curvilinear/ Circular/ Rectangular/ Elliptical/ Radical/ Square/ Triangular/ Hexagonal

Shape Descriptors

Smooth/ Rough/ Mottled

Texture Descriptors

Random/ Systematic/ Circular/ Oval/ Curvilinear/ Linear/ Radiating/ Rectangular/ Hexagonal/ Pentagonal/ Octogonal

Pattern Descriptors

Bright/Light, dark, intermidaite/ gray

Tone Descriptors

Physical and/or socioeconomic characteristics inherent to a specific location

Site

How certain objects are organized and oriented relative to one another

situation

the predictable real-world relationship where finding a certain phenomenon or activity usually means finding a feature nearby.

association

An interpreter works logically from the known facts to the unknown features

convergence of evidence

utilizes multi-spectral, multidisciplinary, multi-scale, and multi-temporal data for better analysis

multi-concept

Image uses visible bands mapped to their natural color display

true color composite

Image uses non-traditional/ non-visible bands to the standard RGB display

false color composite

RGB= NIR, Red, Green

Gives healthy vegetation a bright red color due to high NIR reflectance. Most useful for RS vegetation

Shortwave-Infrared, Near-Infrared, Red

water strongly absorbs NIR and makes it black

(Biophysical Characteristic)Natural chemical compounds inside plant leaves that absorb sunlight to power photosynthesis.

Leaf Pigment (Chlorophyll A&B)

(Biophysical Characteristic)The physical layout, three-dimensional shape, and vertical height of the plant leaves, branches, and tree crowns in an ecosystem.

Canopy Structure&Height

(Biophysical Characteristic)The total amount or weight of living plant material in an area, estimated using satellite-based vegetation measurements.

Biomass derived from vegetation indices

The total one-sided surface area of green leaves to the ground surface area beneath them.

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

(Biophysical Characteristic) The proportion of sunlight energy that plants actively absorb to drive photosynthesis.

Absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR / APAR)

(Biophysical Characteristic) The combined process of water evaporating from the soil and transpiring (releasing water vapor) through plant leaves into the atmosphere.

Evapotranspiration

Contains chloroplasts with primary leaf pigments that control visible light absorption.

Palisade Parenchyma Mesophyll

Contains intercellular air spaces responsible for scattering near-infrared energy, leading to "additive leaf reflectance".

Spongy Mesophyll

Regulates energy interactions within the middle-infrared/SWIR spectrum.

Leaf Water Content

interacts with leaf pigments (Chlorophyll absorbs blue&red light; green light is partially reflected)

visible region (INTERACTION)

interacts with the spongy mesophyll layer through internal scattering

near-infrared region (INTERACTION)

interacts with leaf water content; more water results in higher absorption and lower SWIR

Middle-Infrared/ SWIR regionx

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

Healthy veg strongly reflect NIR, and absorbs red light =giving high values

Simple Ration (SR)

It measures the ratio of NIR reflection to red absorption to gauge green biomass.

Energy-Water Budget

The total radiance recorded by a remote sensor over water

Path Radiance(Lp)

Energy scattered by the atmosphere that never reaches the water surface.

Surface Radiance(Ls)

Energy that touches the water surface, penetrates a few mm, and reflects off the surface

Lp (USE)

Treated as noise that must be removed during atmospheric correction.

Ls (USE)

Used for quantifying surface water extent and mapping land-water boundaries.

Subsurface Volumetric Radiance(Lv)

Energy that penetrates the air-water surface, interacts with organic and inorganic constituents in the water column (like sediments or algae), and scatters back out.

Lv

Use/Application: Used for water quality monitoring, tracking suspended minerals (which scatter heavily in red/NIR wavelengths) and measuring chlorophyll/phytoplankton concentration (using blue/red absorption and green/red-edge reflectance peaks).

Bottom Radiance (Lb)

Energy that penetrates the water column, reaches the floor of a shallow water body, and reflects back out.

Lb

Used for bathymetry using active laser LiDAR systems.