Police Methods & Organizations Test 1

What shapes the public's perception of police?

Social media or shows that are fictionalized or dramatized

What branch of government does law enforcement fall under?

The executive branch

What is law enforcement responsible for?

Enforcing the law

Law enforcement in the United States is highly decentralized. True or False?

True

Majority of the police departments in the United States have 50 or fewer officers. True or False?

True

James Q. Wilson

Published "Varieties of Policing Behavior" (1968), which was based on upon limited number of policing agencies and the need to understand how policing varies in different countries.

What were the three different types of law enforcement agencies that James Q. Wilson suggested?

- watchman oriented agency

- legalistic oriented agency

- service oriented agency

Watchman Oriented Agency

Focuses on maintaining the public order and keeping the peace, rather than strictly punishing every minor ruler-breaker. Typically in small towns, rural communities, or blue collar neighborhoods.

Legalistic Oriented Agency

Prioritizes strict adherence to the formal letter of the law, standardized rules, and bureaucratic procedures, which means it's a hands off, by the book approach.

Service Oriented Agency

Prioritizes citizen-centered service, community engagement, and collaborative problem-solving over traditional, rigid command and control methods

Knapp Commission

Officially the Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption, it was a five member panel formed to investigate widespread corruption and misconduct within the New York Police Department. (1970)

The Mollen Commission

Formally known as The City of New York Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department, it was formed to investigate widespread corruption and brutality within the New York Police Department. (1992)

Frank Serpico

A retired detective who is best known for exposing systematic and widespread police corruption in the late 1960s and the early 1970s.

The Kansas City Patrol Experiment

Tested whether routine motor patrols by police officers reduced crime or affected public fear. (1972-1973)

1st Amendment Rights

Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment Rights

Right to bear arms.

4th Amendment Rights

Prohibits unreasonable search and seizure.

5th Amendment Rights

Protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy in a testimonial nature.

6th Amendment Rights

The right to a fair and speedy trial and proper legal counsel.

8th Amendment Rights

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

14th Amendment Rights

The right to due process and equal protection.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

"the right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used against you in the court of law."

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police, which paved a way for Miranda v. Arizona in 1966.

Custodial Interrogation

In custody and asked on their knowledge or involvement in certain criminal activity.

What must individuals give to the police?

- name

- place of residence

- date of birth

Brown v. Mississippi (1936)

Ruled that state criminal convictions based solely on confessions extracted through police torture or physical brutality violate the 14th amendment.

Abner Louima

A Haitian American man who was brutally attacked and raped by officers of the New York City Police Department.

Substantive Law

Common laws that defines rights, duties, and obligations of individuals and organizations, establishing what conduct is permitted or prohibited.

The Penal Code

Refers to a codified body of statutes prohibiting certain acts

State traffic code

Used to regulate the movement of motor vehicles of all types

Procedural law

Spells out the rules by which the criminal justice system operates

Case law

Refers to that body that rules the judicial decisions

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

Ruled that law enforcement cannot use deadly force to prevent the escape of an unarmed, non-violent fleeing suspect.

Schmerber v. California (1966)

Ruled that police may take a warrantless blood sample from a suspected drunk driver under exigent circumstances without violating the U.S. Constitution.

What countries were made to engage in service to patrolling streets and apprehending suspects?

England, Spain, and France

Henry Fielding

- local judge that organized the Bow Street Runners in 1748

- inquiry into the causes of late increase of robbers

Bow Street Runners

These men were in charge of bringing criminals to the court and were also called "thief takers." This group started with 6 men and grew to 68 men.

Who created the London Metropolitan Police?

Robert Peel in 1829

Patrick Colquhoun

- wrote the "Treatise on the Police of Metropolis

- caught the attention of West Indian merchants and they hired him to to create a private security force, which later became known as the "river police"

What was an earlier term for Homeland Security?

Home Secretary (England)

Robert Peel

Wrote a bill in 1829: "An act for approving police in and near the metropolis"

Scotland Yard

Police court that was in the yard of the old king of Scotland.

Charles Rowan

Founding senior commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police

Richard Mayne

Had a legal background, used his experiences to outline policies to guide officers behavior.

Nightwatches

- when crime was heightened, police patrolled at night

- pay was low or non-existent, so the desire for individuals to perform these tasks were low

What police departments and years resonated with the evolution of early municipal police departments which was shaped by the London Metropolitan Police model?

- Boston Police Department (1838)

- New York Police Department (1844)

- Philadelphia Police Department (1854)

Political Patronage

the giving of government jobs to people based on their party affiliation and loyalty

International Association of Central Police (IACP)

Largest professional organization for police leaders and law enforcement executives.

August Vollmer

- patriarch or father of police professionalism

- pushed for increased training and education

O.W. Wilson

Wrote the first text of police planning and administration.

The Pendleton Act (1883)

Required government jobs to be awarded based on merit rather than political patronage

Why was the Pendleton Act passed?

Because President Garfield was shot by a man, who was angry after being denied a government job he deserved.

Civil Service Protections

Legal rules that keep government workers safe from being fired or demoted for political reasons

Michael Dowd

Former NYPD officer, drug distributor, and enforcer who became known as one of the most corrupt police officers in New York's history

Christopher Commission

Uncovered widespread racism of Los Angeles Police Department

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Applied exclusionary rule to the states

Weeks v. U.S. (1914)

Supreme Court stepped in to create exclusionary rule, but only in federal courts

Kerner Commission

Established by President Lyndon B. Johnson and was tasked with investigating the root causes of the widespread urban race riots across America.

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice

Two major U.S. presidential panels formed to evaluate crime, policing, and the criminal justice system, which was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

The Onnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

Created the law enforcement assistance administration and tried to improve and professionalize police.

Noble Cause Corruption

An ethical concept in law enforcement where an official uses illegal or unethical means to achieve a perceived "good" or just outcome

Who proposed the noble cause corruption?

John Krank

Selection Process

Occurs at a local level, minimum requirement is set at the state level

What are the two approaches of the selection process?

- screen out procedure

- screen in or select in

Screen Out Procedure

Seeks to eliminate applicants with undesirable traits for the job offered.

Screen In or Select In Approach

Focusing on applicants core skills and growth trajectory.

Title XII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibits discrimination of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin on employment-related grounds.

Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ)

The instance in which an employer has legitimate basis that is justifiable for departing from the law.

Childers v. Dallas Police Department (1981)

Childers sued DPD because he was denied a job because he was openly homosexual, violated freedom of religion and expression. Claimed Childers was a "security risk"

Anti-Sotomy Laws

Anytime sexual activity occurs outside of the type intended for pro-creation was against the law, which targeted same sex relationships.

England v. Dallas Police Department (1989)

England was rejected because she disclosed she was a lesbian, and there was a law in Texas prohibiting same sex sexual activity. DPD used the argument that she was a "habitual law breaker"

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)

Supreme Court decision does not protect private, consensual same-sex sexual activity

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Court ruled that state laws criminalizing private, consensual same-sex sexual activity violates the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.

Butting v. FBI (1992)

20 year FBI Special Agent veteran, who was fired after an anonymous letter exposed him as a gay man. FBI claimed he was a "security risk"

Police Matron

Historical or specialized female employee in a municipal police department responsible for the care, custody, and searching of female detainees and children.

Policing is a male heterosexual dominated field. True or False?

True

Quid Pro Quo

An exchange for something, "tit for tat."

Hostile work environment

A workplace where unwelcomed, discriminatory harassment makes the atmosphere intimidating or abusive.

Police departments can require people to be U.S. citizens in order to be hired. True or False?

True

The Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

Landmark civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life.

Is current drug use protected under the American with Disabilities Act?

No

Disparate Impact

When a neutral appearing rule, policy, or practice that can have a discriminatory effect even if there was no intent to discriminate, therefore it is unintentional discrimination.

What is population comparison within police departments?

Wanting police department to have officers representing the community served.

Disparate rejection

Also known as the 80% or 4/5 rule and is a practical statistical guideline used to determine if a neutral employment practice was unlawful impact on a protected group.

What discriminatory terms were used against black police officers?

- "turn coats"

- "traitors"

- "sell outs"

Black in Blue by Nicholas Alex (1969)

In depth interviews with 41 black New York Police Officers.

Marginalization

Social process of pushing individuals or groups to the outer edges of society, denying them equal access to power, resources, and participation.

Double Marginality

Describes the conflicting social pressures and sense of isolation experienced by minority police officers.

Fred Rice Jr.

First permanent African American superintendent of Chicago Police Department. He broke racial barriers in Chicago Law Enforcement and worked to integrate police teams.

Bernard C. Parks

American politician who served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council, representing the 8th district in South Los Angeles from 2003 to 2015.

Stephen Leinen

Wrote books titled, "Black Police, White Society" and "Gay Police"

W. Marvin Dulaney

Wrote "Black Police in America"

Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST)

The official program of a state or legislative jurisdiction that sets standards for the training of law enforcement officers

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

The money was intended to provide officers with additional education.

Davis v. Dallas Police Department (1985)

Brenda Davis filed a law suit against DPD after being denied employment as a police officer.

- college credit requirement

- marijuana policy

- remedy phase

What is the purpose of the residency requirement?

To keep the local police local

When going through the application process in policing, what are two assessments done?

- intake assessment (written test)

- physical agility assessment

What is looked into during background investigations?

- driving record

- criminal record

- drug and alcohol use

- employment history

- relationships with other individuals

- financial management

- individual aggression tendencies

- psychological evaluation

Deep Pockets Theory

Legal concept in tort law where a plaintiff targets a defendant who has substantial financial resources - such as a large corporation, manufacturer, government entity, or wealthy individual - rather than the party who is primarily at fault.

Polygraph Tests

Records autonomic fluctuations and is designed to determine truthfulness.