HDFS Vocab exam 2

Animism

Belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions 

Appearance-reality distinction

Ability to distinguish between what something appears to be from what it really is 

Autobiographical memory

Recollection of personal and meaningful events that took place at a specific time and place in the past

Centration

Tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus, situation, or idea and exclude all others

Conservation

Physical quantity (number, mass, or volume) remains the same even when its appearance changes

Corpus callosum

Thick band of nerves that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication

Egocentrism

Child’s inability to take another person’s POV, and assume others share the same feelings, knowledge, and physical view of the world

Episodic memory

Memory for everyday experiences

Executive function

Set of cognitive operations that support planning, decision-making, and goal-setting abilities.

Fine motor skills

Ability to control small movements of the fingers (reach and grasp)

Gross motor skills

Ability to control large movements of the body (walk and jump)

Guide participation

Apprenticeship; process where people learn from others that guide them to accomplish more than what the child could do alone

Hormones

Chemical produced and secreted into the bloodstream that affects physiological functions

Irreversibility

Child doesn’t understand that an action can be reserved and a thing restored to it’s OG state

Infantile amnesia

The inability to remember things around 2 years old because you lack language abilities

Lateralization

The two hemispheres of the brain specialize to carry out different functions

Memory strategies

Deliberate cognitive activities that make someone more likely to remember information 

Metacognition

Ability to think about thinking or knowledge of how the mind works 

Morality of constraint (Heteronomous Morality) 

Piaget; Age 6; Children become aware of rules and view them as absolute and unalterable 

Overregularization

Grammatical mistake made by children because they apply grammatical rules too stringently to words that are exceptions (eated instead of ate) 

Plasticity

Development’s ability to change in response to experience

Preconventional reasoning

Kohlberg; First level of reasoning; Young children’s behaviors are governed by punishment and gaining rewards

Preoperational reasoning

Piaget; Ages 2 to 6; Advances in symbolic thought that isn’t logical yet

Private speech

Self-directed speech that children use to guide behavior 

Project Head Start

Early childhood intervention program funded by the US federal government that gives low-income families nutrition, health, and educational services

Recall memory

Ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again 

Recognition memory

Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus 

Self-regulation

Ability to monitor and manage your own behaviors, thoughts, emotions, and impulses

Scaffolding

Temporary support that lets children to bridge the gap between their current competence level and task at hand

Scripts

Description of what happens in a certain situation and used as a guide to understand and organize daily experiences

Theory of mind

Child’s awareness of their own and other’s mental processes and realization that people don’t share their thoughts

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky; Tasks children cannot do alone but can exercise with the aid of more skilled partners 

Associative play

Children play alongside each other but exchange toys and talk about each other's activities 

Authoritarian parenting style

Child-rearing style; Emphasizes high behavioral control and low levels of warmth and autonomy

Authoritative parenting style

Child-rearing style; Parents are warm and sensitive to the child, grant appropriate autonomy, and exert firm control

Cooperative play

Children play together and work towards a common goal

Discipline

Way to control children’s behavior that relies on reasoning and discussion

Empathy

Ability to understand another person’s emotions and concerns 

Gender constancy

Child’s understanding of biological permanence of gender and that it doesn’t change regardless of appearance, activities, or attitudes 

Gender identity

Awareness of one’s gender

Gender roles

Activities, attitudes, skills or characteristics that are considered appropriate for males and females 

Gender schema theory

Concept/mental structure that organizes gender-related information and embodies a person’s understanding of what it means to be male or female and is used as a guide for attitude and behavior 

Gender stability

By 3 to 6 years, recognition that an individual's gender identity remains constant over time, indicating that a child understands they will grow up to be the same gender as they currently identify.

Gender typing

Process where kids acquire the characteristics and attitudes that are considered appropriate for their gender 

Inductive discipline

Strategy to control children’s behavior that relies on reasoning and discussion

Initiative versus guilt

Erikson’s 3rd stage; Child develops a sense of purposefulness, tries new skills/activities, and takes pride in their accomplishments. They feel guilt if they are unsuccessful.

Instrumental aggression

Behavior that hurts someone else to achieve a goal like gaining a possession. 

Mandated reporters

A professional that’s legally obligated to report suspected child maltreatment to law enforcement 

No-nonsense parenting

Emphasizes high, strict parental control as well as warmth and affection common in African American families that doesn’t result in problem outcomes with spanking 

Parallel play

Children play alongside each other but don’t interact 

Parenting style

Sets of child-rearing behavior a parent uses across situations for form a child rearing climate

Permissive parenting style

Child-rearing style; Characterized by high levels of warmth and low levels of control/discipline 

Prosocial behavior

Actions that are oriented toward others for the sake of helping without a reward

Relational aggression

Nonphysical acts aimed to harm a person’s connections with others (exclusion and rumors) 

Rough-and-tumble play

Involves chasing and play fighting with no intent to harm

Self-esteem

Emotional evaluation of one’s own worth

Social comparison

Tendency to compare and judge one’s abilities, achievements, and behaviors to others

Sociodramatic play

Make-believe play where children act out roles and themes

Sympathy

A concern or sorrow for another person, usually with empathy

Time-out

Removing the child from the reinforcement for a short period of time

Uninvolved parenting style

Child-rearing style; characterized by low levels of warmth and acceptance coupled with little control or discipline

Asthma

Can’t breathe :(

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Persistent difficulties with attention and impulsivity that interferes with performance and daily life

Body image

How you see your body 

Body mass index (BMI)

Measure of body fat based on weight and divided by height (kg/m2) 

Cerebellum

Part of the brain; back of the skull; responsible for body movements, balance, and coordination 

Classification

Ability to organize things into groups based on similar characteristics

Concrete operational stage of reasoning

Piaget’s 3 stage; Age 6 to 11; thought becomes logical and is applied to direct tangible experiences but not abstract problems

Conventional moral reasoning

Kohlberg's 2nd stage; moral decisions are based on conforming to social rules

Metamemory

Aspect of metacognition; understanding of memory and how to use strategies to enhance memory 

Morality of cooperation

By Piaget, Behaviors based on shared goals (?)

Obesity

Children with a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for height and age 

Phonics Instruction

Approach to reading instruction that emphasizes teaching kids to sound out words and connect sounds to written symbols

Pragmatics

Practical application of language for everyday communication 

Rehearsal

Mnemonic strategy that involves systematically repeating information to retain it in working memory 

Reversibility

An object can be returned to its original state

Selective attention

Ability to focus on relevant stimuli and ignore others

Seriation

Classification that involves ordering objects in a series according to physical dimension (height, weight, or color)

Transitive inference

Classification skill where kids can infer the relationships between 2 objects by understanding each object’s relationship to a 3rd object 

Aggressive-rejected

Children who are confrontational and hostile toward peers and are shunned by peers 

Bully-victims

An individual who attacks or inflicts harm on others and who is also attacked or harmed by others; the child is both a bully and victim 

Child sexual abuse

Sexual activity to a minor 

Industry vs. inferiority

Erikson’s 4th stage where children attempt new skills, develop feelings of competence in their success or feeling inferior or incompetent 

Peer acceptance

Likeability or the degree to which a child is viewed as a worthy social partner by their peers 

Peer victimization/Bullying

Refers to ongoing interaction where a child repeatedly attempts to inflict physical, verbal, or social harm on another child 

Popular

Individuals who receive many positive ratings from peers indicating that they’re accepted and valued by peers

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a mental health condition that can develop after you experience, witness, or learn about a terrifying, shocking, or life-threatening event 

protective factors

Variables that’s thought to reduce the poor outcomes associated with adverse circumstances

reactive aggression

When a bully victim thinks everything is a threat which makes them lash out 

Resilience

The ability to adapt to serious adversity 

Withdrawn-rejected

Children who are withdrawn, passive, and shunned by peers 

Adolescent egocentrism

A characteristic of adolescents’ thinking where they have difficulty separating others’ perspectives from their own; composed of imaginary audience and personal fable 

Amygdala

Brain structure part of the limbic system and plays a role in emotion, especially fear and anger

Care orientation

Gilligan’s feminine model of moral reasoning, characterized by a desire to maintain relationships and a responsibility to avoid hurting others

Delayed phase preference

Change in pubertal hormone levels that causes adolescents’ sleep patterns to shift so that they tend to remain awake late at night and groggy early in the morning 

Dual-Systems model

A model of the brain consisting of 2 systems, one emotional and the other rational, that develops on different time frames to account for typical adolescent behavior 

Estrogen

Primary female sex hormone responsible for development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

Formal operational reasoning

Piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development, characterized by abstract, logical, and systematic thinking 

Gonads

Primary reproductive glands and endocrine organs that produces gametes and secrete sex hormones 

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

Regulates reproduction, sexual development, and gamete production, can be triggered by leptin (fat)