ANAPHY MT 100 LEC - Blood

Blood

a specialized connective tissue that is integral to the cardiovascular system

Transportation (Oxygen, Nutrients, Hormones, Waste)

Regulation (Body temperature, pH, fluid volume)

Protection (Infection and blood loss)

Enumerate the three major functions of Blood

Plasma, Buffy Coat, Formed Elements

Enumerate the Composition of Blood

Plasma

Makes up 55% of the blood, the liquid matrix

Water, Electrolytes/Salts, Plasma Protein

The plasma consists of:

Water

90% of Plasma volume;

Solvent for carrying other substances;

Absorbs Heat

Salts/Electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Bicarbonate)

Osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulation of membrane permeability

Plasma Proteins (Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins)

Osmotic Balance, pH Buffering, Clotting of blood, Defense, Lipid Transport

Formed Elements

Makes up 45% of the blood, consisting of the erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

The formed elements consist of:

Buffy Coat

Makes up 1% of blood, the thin layer between RBCs and plasma

Hematocrit

percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume

Nutrients, Waste products of Metabolism, Respiratory Gases, Hormones)

Enumerate the substances transported by blood

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A cell that transports oxygen and helps transport carbon dioxide

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A cell in charge of Defense and Immunity

Platelets

A cell in charge of Blood Clotting

Salmon-colored biconcave disks;

anucleate;

sacs of hemoglobin;

most organelles are ejected

Enumerate the cell anatomy of an ERYTHROCYTE

Erythrocyte

Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide

Platelets

For normal blood clotting by clinging on the torn area

Irregularly shaped cell fragment;

Stain deep purple

Enumerate the cell anatomy of a PLATELET

Never Let Mamas Eat Babies

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Enumerate the Leukocytes from Most Abundant to Least

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Enumerate the Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Stains pale pink with fine granules, deep purple nucleus with three to seven lobes connected by strands of nucleoplasm

Neutrophils

Active phagocytes that increase in amount during short-term or acute infections

Eosinophils

Red coarse cytoplasmic granules, with a bilobed nucleus stained blue-red

Eosinophils

Kills parasitic worms by deluging then with digestive enzymes; complex role in allergy attacks

Basophils

Cytoplasm has a few large blue-purple granules, U/S shaped nucleus with constrictions, stained dark blue

Basophils

releases histamine at sites of inflammation, containing heparin, an anticoagulant

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Enumerate the Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

Thin pale blue cytoplasm rim around the nucleus, Spherical and dark purple-blue nucleus

Lymphocytes

Part of the immune system, containing the B and T lymphocytes

B Lyphocytes

Lymphocyte that produces antibodies

T Lymphocytes

Lymphocyte that are involved in graft rejection and in fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack

Monocytes

Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues

Macrophages

Long term clean-up team, increasing in number during chronic infections, activating lymphocytes during immune response

Sticky, opaque, metallic taste

Enumerate the texture and taste of Blood

Bright Red (O2 rich), Dark Red (O2 poor)

Enumerate the color of Blood

7.35-7.45

Enumerate the pH level of Blood

~38C (100.4F)

Enumerate the temperature of Blood

5-6L in Males

4-5L in Women

Enumerate the volume of Blood

90% Water

The solvent for transport in blood

Albumin

Plasma protein for Osmotic pressure and pH Buffering

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein for Clot Formation

Globulins

Plasma protein for Immunity and Transport

Biconcave Shape

Allows the red blood cell to have a higher surface area

Erythrocytes

Packed with hemoglobin, 250M molecules

120 Days

Life span of Red blood Cells

5.1-5.8 million/uL (M)

4.3-5.2 million/uL (F)

Normal count of Erythrocytes

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A type of anemia resulting from lack of iron in diet, or slow bleeding, depleting iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A type of anemia that is a direct cause of inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs

Hemorrhagic, Hemolytic, Pernicious, Aplastic Anemia

A type of anemia that is a direct cause of Decrease in RBC

Hemorrhagic Anemia

A type of anemia resulting from a sudden hemorrhage

Hemolytic Anemia

A type of anemia resulting from Lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections

Pernicious Anemia

A type of anemia resulting from lack of vitamin B12 (Lack of intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin)

Intrinsic Factor

Formed by Stomach Mucosa Cells

Aplastic Anemia

A type of anemia resulting from depression/destruction of bone marrow due to cancer, radiation, or medications

Sickle Cell Anemia

A type of anemia resulting from Genetic defects, leading to abnormal hemoglobin, becoming sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body

Sickle Cell Anemia

A type of anemia resulting from low oxygen levels in general, mainly in those with african descent

Sickle Cell Anemia

A type of anemia that is a direct cause of abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs

Hemoglobin

binds oxygen via iron atoms

Oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

Deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin after it as released its oxygen to tissues

12-18 g/dL

State the normal blood levels

Poisoning risk

When Carbon Monoxide is present, it binds to iron sites and locks hemoglobin into a high affinity state if 200x of oxygen, refusing release of oxygen to tissues

Hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells

Red Bone Marrow

Site of Hematopoiesis

Hemocytoblast

stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood

Myeloid Lineage, Lymphoid Lineage

Enumerate the two pathways of the Hemocytoblast

Myeloid Lineage

forms the RBCs, granulocytes, platelets

Lymphoid Lineage

forms the Lymphocytes

Erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells

Erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by

Hypoxia

the primary stimulus of Erythropoietin release

Hypoxia

Low oxygen levels, insufficient delivery to tissues

Negative Feedback

Regulates RBC production

Leukocytes

the only 'True" Blood cell, due to having a nucleus

Leukocytes

defends against pathogens

diapedesis

The exit of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue

Leukocytosis

A disorder where there is high WBC count, normal in infections

Leukopenia

A disorder where there is low WBC count (bone marrow suspension)

Leukemia

Malignant overproduction of WBCs

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Cell fragments from Megakaryocytes

Megakaryocytes

Platelets are cell fragments from

Hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

10 days

Life Span of Platelets (Thrombocytes)

150,000-400,000/uL blood

Normal count of Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Activated by vessel injury, forming a platelet plug

Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, Coagulation

Enumerate the three major steps in Hemostasis

Vascular Spasm

Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction, reducing blood loss

Platelet Plug Formation

Platelets adhere to lining of vessel exposed to collagen fibers, releasing chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky, forming a platelet plug

Coagulation

Clotting factors in plasma and injured cells interact with Ca2+ to form thrombin, forming a blood clot

Thrombin

enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin

Fibrin

forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets, forming a clot

Thrombus

Clot in an Unbroken Vessel

Embolus

A dislodged thrombus travelling in blood

Undesirable clotting (Thrombus, Embolus)

Causes a risk of stroke, myocardial infection, pulmonary embolism

Anticoagulants (Heparin, Warfarin)

Undesirable clotting can be treated or prevented by:

A Antigen, Anti-B antibodies

Enumerate the characteristics of the A Blood group

B Antigen, Anti-A antibodies

Enumerate the characteristics of the B Blood group