Development Psychology- Chapter 3 and 4

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9 Terms

1
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Infancy

  • Spans from birth to around 2 years of age

  • Period of the most rapid growth during a person’s lifespan!

  • Average weight at birth/at 24 months: 7 pounds/28 pounds

  • Average length at birth/at 24 months: 20 inches/34 inches


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Infancy- Brain development

  • The brain is growing and developing rapidly

  • Brain consists of neurons: axons and dendrites

  • The brain undergoes transient exuberance- temporary intense branching out to make connections with other neurons

  • Pruning: the brain cuts off pathways that it does not need anymore


3
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Sensation and perception

Sensation is sensing stimuli while perception is knowing what that stimulus means

4
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Types of motor skills

  • Gross and Fine

  • Gross motor skills: involve large groups of muscles (walking), reflexes (grasping)→ these skills are learned in sequence

  • Fine motor skills: physical abilities involving small body movements such drawing and picking up a coin → these skills are learned in sequence from reflexes


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Piaget’s Cognition Stage

  • Sensorimotor Stage: first stage, from 0 to 2 y/o

  • Children primarily learn through senses and motor skills; very limited problem solving and no logical abilities at this stage

  • Object permanence


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Language development

  • Language is thought to develop in linear stages

  • Listening and responding, babbling, first words, verbs and nouns, and putting words together


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Emotional development

  • Early emotions (0-6 weeks): Discontent and content

  • Happiness: social smile at 6 weeks, laughter (2 to 4 months)

  • Sadness: possibly a sign something is wrong

  • Anger (6 months): Healthy response to frustration

  • Fear (9 months): An adverse response to people, things, or situations → Stranger wariness, separation anxiety


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Temperament

  • An infant’s biologically-based set of characteristics related to their responses to environment or situation

  • Temperament types: Easy, difficult, and slow to warm up


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Freud and Erikson’s views on infant development

  • Freud (psychosexual development): Oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital

  • Erikson: Trust vs. mistrust (0 to 1) and autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3)