Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson

Piaget Sensorimotor stage

0-2 years- first stage, children learn entirely through the movements they make and the sensations that result. They learn they cause things to happen, they are separate from objects and people around them, things continue to exist even if they can't see them.

Piaget Preoperational Stage

2-7 years- Once children acquire langage they can use symbols to represent objects. Still egocentric thinking and they assume everyone sees things from the same viewpoint. Understand concepts like counting, classifying according to similarity, and past-present-future but focused on present and concrete rather than abstract.

Piaget Concrete operational stage

7-11 years-Children are able to see things from different points of view and to imagine events that occur outside their own lives. Some organized, logical thought processes are now evident and are able to order object by size, color gradient, etc. can understand that if 3+4=7 then 7-4=3. Understand that red square can belong to both red and square categories. Understand short wide cup holds same amount as tall and skinny cup. Thinking still tends to be tied to concrete reality

Piaget Formal Operational Stage

11+ - around the onset of puberty, children are able to reason in much more abstract ways and to test hypotheses using systematic logic. There is a much greater focus on possibilities and on ideological issues

Kohlberg Pre-conventional morality-Stage 1: Obedience or Punishment Orientation

Stage that all young children start at. Rules are seen as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it means avoiding punishment.

Kohlberg Preconventional morality- Stage 2: Self interest orientation

As children grow older they begin to see that other people have their own goals and preferences and that often there is room for negotiation. Decisions are made with the "whats in it for me?" principle.

Kohlberg Conventional Morality- Stage 3: Social Conformity Orientation

By adolescence, most individuals have developed to this stage. There is a sense of what "good boys" and "nice girls" do and the emphasis is on living up to social expectations and norms because of how they impact day to day relationships

Kohlberg Conventional morality Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation

By the time individuals reach adulthood, they usually consider society as a whole when making judgements. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one's duty and respecting authority.

Kohlberg Post-conventional morality Stage 5: Social contract orientation

At this stage, people understand that there are differing opinions out there on what is right and wrong and that laws are really just a social contract based on majority decision and inevitable compromise. People at this stage sometimes disobey rules if they find them to be inconsistent with their personal values and will also argue for certain laws to be changed if they are no longer "working".

Kohlberg Post-conventional morality Stage 6: Universal Ethics orientation

Few people operate at this stage all the time. it is based on abstract reasoning and the ability to put oneself in other people's shoes. At this stage people have a principled conscience and will follow universal eithical principles regardless of what official laws and rules are.

Eriksons Infancy Stage

Birth to 18 months- Basic conflict: Trust vs Mistrust, Important Events: Feeding, Outcome: Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

Eriksons Early childhood stage

2 to 3 years- Basic conflict: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Important Events: toilet training, Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Eriksons Preschool stage

3-5 years- Basic conflict: intiative vs. guilt, Important events: exploration, Outcome: children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

Eriksons School Age stage

6-11 years- Basic conflict: industry vs. inferiority, Important Events: School, Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Eriksons Adolescence Stage

12 to 18 years- Basic conflict: Identity vs Role confusion, Important Events: Social relationships, Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

Eriksons Young Adulthood

19-40 years- Basic conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation, Important events: Relationships, Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

Eriksons Middle Adulthood

40-65 years- Basic conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation, Important events: Work and Parenthood, Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefuleness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

Eriksons Maturity

65 to death- Basic conflict: Ego integrity vs. despair, Important events: Reflection on life, Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.