ANATOMY 6511 Superior, Inferior, Mediastinum and Sympathetics (Exam 3) 낱말 카드

Veins

Are veins or arteries typically more superficial/anterior in a cross section?

1. Thymus gland

2. Trachea

3. Esophagus

What viscera are contained within the superior mediastinum?

1. Brachiocephalic veins

2. Superior vena cava

3. Arch of aorta > Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, & left subclavian artery (ABCs)

What vessels are contained within the superior mediastinum?

1. Thoracic duct

2. Lymph nodes

What lymphatics are contained within the superior mediastinum?

1. Phrenic n.

2. Vagus n. > Left recurrent laryngeal n.

3. Cardiac plexus

What nerves are contained within the superior mediastinum?

Larynx (voice box)

Which part of the respiratory system is the trachea continuous with?

FALSE

Anterior

True or False: The trachea descends posterior to the esophagus.

True

True or False: The trachea bifurcates deep to the pulmonary trunk.

Right

Is the right or left main bronchus larger/more vertical?

1. Right internal jugular vein

2. Right subclavian vein

What 2 veins combine to form the right brachiocephalic vein?

Head and neck

What area of the body is drained by the right/left internal jugular veins?

Upper limb

What area of the body is drained by the right/left subclavian veins?

1. Left internal jugular vein

2. Left subclavian vein

What 2 veins combine to form the left brachiocephalic vein?

1. Internal thoracic veins

2. Inferior thyroid veins

3. Vertebral veins

4. Left superior intercostal vein

What are 4 the additional tributaries of brachiocephalic veins aside from the internal jugular and subclavian veins?

Left brachiocephalic vein

What vein does the left superior intercostal vein drain into?

1. Azygos vein

2. Left brachiocephalic vein

3. Right brachiocephalic vein

What are the 3 main tributaries of the superior vena cava?

Left main bronchus and pulmonary trunk

What does the aortic arch arch over?

1. Brachiocephalic trunk

2. Left common carotid artery

3. Left subclavian

What are the 3 main branches of the aortic arch? Name them from right to left.

1. Right common carotid artery

2. Right subclavian artery

What are the 2 main branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

Anterior and superior mediastinum

In which divisions of the mediastinum would you find the thymus?

Manubrium

Brachiocephalic veins

The thymus is located posterior to the _____ and anterior to the _____ veins.

Internal thoracic a./v.

What artery/vein supplies the thymus?

T cell maturation in childhood

What is the major function of the thymus?

FALSE

Most active during childhood

Inactive, fatty mass during adulthood

True or False: The thymus is most active during adulthood.

Esophagus

What viscera is located in the posterior mediastinum?

1. Descending/thoracic aorta

2. Posterior intercostal a./v.

3. Azygos vein

4. Hemiazygos veins

What 4 vessels are located in the posterior mediastinum?

1. Thoracic duct

2. Lymph nodes

What lymphatics are located in the posterior mediastinum?

1. Esophageal nerve plexus

2. R/L vagal trunks

3. Sympathetic trunk/chain ganglia

4. Thoracic splanchnic nerves

What nerves are located in the posterior mediastinum?

FALSE

Posterior

True or False: The esophagus is located anterior to the pericardium.

Pharynx

Stomach

The esophagus travels through the posterior mediastinum and connects the _____ with the _____.

T10

At which spinal cord level does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

Esophageal nerve plexus

(visceral)

What innervates the esophagus?

1. Visceral afferent fibers

2. Visceral efferent parasympathetic preganglionic

3. Visceral efferent sympathetic postganglionic

What are the 3 fiber types of the esophageal plexus?

Vagus n. (CN X)

What nerve makes up the visceral efferent parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the esophageal plexus?

Cardiac splanchnic nerves (T1-T5)

What nerves make up the visceral efferent sympathetic postganglionic fibers of the esophageal plexus?

1. Visceral afferent fibers

2. Visceral efferent parasympathetic preganglionic

What 2 fibers types make up the parasympathetic portion of the esophageal plexus?

Left = Anterior

Right = Posterior

(think "I'll be Right Back")

The left vagus nerve gives rise to the (anterior/posterior) vagal trunk and the right vagus nerve gives rise to the (anterior/posterior) vagal trunk.

Cardiac splanchnic nerves

What is the main component of the sympathetic portion of the esophageal plexus?

1. Visceral efferent sympathetic postganglionic fibers

2. Visceral afferent fibers

What 2 fiber types are the functional components of cardiac splanchnic nerves?

FALSE

Sympathetic

True or False: Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves are bilateral and symmetrical parasympathetic nerves.

1. Visceral efferent sympathetic preganglionic fibers

2. Visceral afferent fibers

What 2 fiber types are the functional components of greater thoracic splanchnic nerves?

Abdominal organs

What is innervated by the greater thoracic splanchnic nerves?

In abdomen

Where are the ganglia of greater thoracic splanchnic nerves located?

1. Bronchial arteries

2. Esophageal arteries

3. Posterior intercostal arteries

4. Mediastinal arteries

What are the 4 main branches of the descending/thoracic aorta?

T12

At what spinal cord level does the thoracic aorta pierce the diaphragm?

Abdominal aorta

What does the thoracic aorta become once it passes through the diaphragm?

Root of right lung

Where does the arch of the azygos vein arch over?

1. Posterior intercostal veins

2. Accessory azygos vein

3. Hemiazygos vein

What 3 veins feed into the azygos vein?

Right

The azygos vein is only found on the (left/right) side of the esophagus.

Left

The accessory azygos and hemiazygos veins are only found on the (left/right) side of the esophagus.

Connection between left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

Where is the left venous angle located?

1. Visceral component (anterior)

2. Vertebral component (posterior)

3. Right vascular compartment (lateral)

4. Left vascular compartment (lateral)

What are the 4 longitudinal compartments of the neck?

1. Digestive tract

2. Respiratory system

3. Endocrine glands

What are the 3 components of the visceral compartment of the neck?

1. Cervical vertebrae

2. Spinal cord

3. Cervical spinal nerves

4. Cervical muscles

What are the 4 components of the vertebral compartment of the neck?

1. Major vessels

2. Vagus n. (CN X)

What are the 2 components of the vascular compartments of the neck?

1. Carotid arteries

2. Internal jugular vein

3. Vagus n. (CN X)

What 3 structures are contained within the carotid sheath?

Between trachea and infrahyoid muscles

Where is the pretracheal space located?

Skull base

Middle mediastinum

Infections may spread through the carotid sheath from the _____ to the _____.

Thyroid cartilage

Anterior mediastinum

Infections may spread through the pretracheal space from _____ to the _____.

Carotid sheath

Which facial compartment is labelled in purple?

Pretracheal space

Which facial compartment is labelled in pink?

Between the buccopharyngeal and alar fascia

Where is the retropharyngeal space located?

Between the alar and prevertebral fascia

Where is the prevertebral "danger" space located?

Skull base

Superior mediastinum

Infections may spread through the retropharyngeal space from the _____ to the _____.

Skull base

Posterior mediastinum

Infections may spread through the prevertebral "danger" space from the _____ to the _____.

Retropharyngeal space

Which compartment of the neck is labelled in solid blue?

Prevertebral "danger" space

Which compartment of the neck is labelled in green?

Anterior

The pretracheal space is continuous with the _____ mediastinum.

Superior

The retropharyngeal space is continuous with the _____ mediastinum.

Posterior

The prevertebral "danger" space is continuous with the _____ mediastinum.

Retropharyngeal space

Sublingual and submandibular swelling is an indication of infection into which neck compartment?

True

True or False: Infection in the retropharyngeal space can spread to the prevertebral "danger" space.

True

(parasympathetic only goes to glands/organs)

True or False: The sympathetic nervous system goes everywhere in the body (muscles, organs, etc).

T1-L2

What spinal cord levels contain sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies?

T1-L2

What spinal cord levels contain white communicating rami?

1. Lateral gray horn of the spinal cord

2. Ventral root

3. Ventral ramus

4. White communicating ramus

5. Synapse onto postganglionic neuron

What is the pathway of a preganglionic sympathetic neuron starting from the spinal cord? (5)

Sympathetic preganglionic

Somatomotor

Ventral roots between T1-L2 contain _____ and _____ axons.

Enter

Myelinated

Does the white communicating rami enter or exit the sympathetic chain ganglion? Are the axons within myelinated or unmyelinated?

Exit

Unmyelinated

Does the gray communicating rami enter or exit the sympathetic chain ganglion? Are the axons within myelinated or unmyelinated?

Synapse on the sympathetic chain ganglion at the level of entry

How do sympathetic preganglionic fibers travel to innervate the body wall (muscles, blood vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles)?

Synapse on the sympathetic chain ganglion at the level of entry

How do sympathetic preganglionic fibers travel to innervate organs in the thorax?

Ascend using the sympathetic chain and synapse in cervical sympathetic ganglia

How do sympathetic preganglionic fibers travel to innervate the cervical region?

Descend using the sympathetic chain and synapse in sympathetic ganglia

How do sympathetic preganglionic fibers travel to innervate lumbar and sacral regions?

By passing through the sympathetic chain ganglion WITHOUT synapsing (stay preganglionic)

(thoracic splanchnics)

How do sympathetic preganglionic fibers travel to innervate abdominal organs?

Sympathetic fibers that innervate organs

What are splanchnic nerves?

T1-L2

Because sympathetic nerves can only enter the sympathetic chain from T1-L2

(gray communicating rami for exiting are located along entire spinal cord)

At which spinal cord levels are white communicating rami found? Why?

1. Greater thoracic splanchnic (T5-T9)

2. Lesser thoracic splanchnic (T10-T11)

3. Least thoracic splanchnic (T12)

What are the 3 pairs of thoracic splanchnic nerves?

T5-T9

Which spinal cord levels correspond to the greater thoracic splanchnic fibers?

T10-T11

Which spinal cord levels correspond to the lesser thoracic splanchnic fibers?

T12

Which spinal cord level corresponds to the least thoracic splanchnic fibers?

Preganglionic neurons are more myelinated/transmit signals faster than postganglionic neurons

By moving the synapse closer to the organ, the preganglionic neuron is myelinated for longer

Beneficial for innervating abdominopelvic organs that are further away from T1-L2

Why don't splanchnic nerves synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia?