Patho Final Exam Previous Quiz Questions

Which statement best describes the term "Insidious"?

 

gradual progression of a disease with mild symptoms

______ are regions of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated.

 

adhesions

Anaphylaxis is considered a critical situation because:

 

bronchoconstriction and systemic vasodialation develop rapidly

Treatment of SLE includes all of the following except:

low dose aspirin

Cell death in response to cellular injury describes______ , while programmed cell death is known as ______________________

necrosis; apoptosis

Inflammation is sometimes treated with glucocorticoids because they directly

decrease capillary permeability

The numerical figure that refers to the relative number of deaths from a particular disease is known as

mortality

A burn in which only the epidermis is destroyed is classified as

superficial partial thickness burn

A secondary immune response is _________ and ___________ than a primary immune response.

faster; stronger

In cytotoxic hypersensitivity, the antigens that are attacked by the immune system are located:

on the cell membrane

Why would blood samples be tested to pinpoint the location of inflammation in the body?

to detect the presence of enzymes that are normally supposed to be found inside cells

The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:

signs and symptoms of a disease

T-cells remaining in the grafted tissue begin attacking the host in what type of transplant reaction?

graft vs. host disease

Which statement would be related to hypertrophy of the heart?

an increase in the size of the individual cells

Which of the following is not a method to prevent transplant rejection?

 

radiation

local infection has all but:

fever

Tissue swelling (edema) associated with inflammation results directly from

increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment

A primary immunodeficiency may be caused by which of the following?

thymic aplasia

The type of transplant that would likely have the least success would be a/an__________

xenograft

Which of the following might be a cause of secondary immunodeficiency?

radiation, kidney disease Hodgkin’s disease (All are causes)

Tissue transferred between identical twins would be an example of a(n)

isograft

Immunodeficiency this is acquired as a result of a congenital or genetic problem is referred to as

primary immunodeficiency

When the cause of a disease is unknown, it is termed:

idiopathic

Redness and warmth associated with the inflammatory response results from

increased blood flow into the area

The best definition of Sequela is:

any abnormal condition that results from a disease, treatment or injury

Which term best describes the lack of adequate blood flow to a group of cells that results in an oxygen deficiency?

ischemia

____________ neoplasms grow rapidly, are highly aggressive, and often become metastatic (spread throughout the body) while ____________ neoplasms are generally slow growing, not aggressive, and not invasive compared to

Malignant; benign

Which of the following result directly from the release of chemical mediators following a moderate burn injury?

1. pain

2. local vasoconstriction

3. increased capillary permeability

4. pallor

1,3

Incompatable blood transfusions results in:

hemolysis of erythrocytes

Normal capillary exchange involves:

hydrostatic pressure providing a "push" of fluids out of blood vessels and osmotic pressure providing a "pull" of fluids into vessels.

The antibody that is most associated with allergic reactions is

IgE

A severe, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is often life-threatening and treated with immediate administration of epinephrine is

anaphylaxis

T and B cell destruction as a result of chemotherapy or radiation would be an example of?

secondary immunodeficiency

What may contribute to "loss of function" during inflammation?

increased capillary permeability causes swelling

The particular cancer that is associated with patients with HIV/AIDS is known as:

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A disease that has a sudden and obvious onset is referred to as

acute

An abscess may be defined as:

A localized pocket of purulent exudate in a solid tissue

An example of a single organ/tissue autoimmune disease would be:

myasthenia gravis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (all of the above)

Organ transplant reactions are examples of ____________ hypersensitivity reactions.

delayed (type IV)

Factors contributing to the cause of a particular disease are called

etiology

Which of the following is not a risk factor for cancer?

studying for pathophysiology quizzes

Which of the following would be the most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

low white blood cell count (leukopenia) and low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)

Cachexia is another term for

tissue wasting

Which of the following is characteristic of resident or normal flora?

different species inhabits various areas of the body

What type of cells tend to be damaged the most during chemotherapy and radiation treatments?

epithelial

A drug that will kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is known as a ____________ antibiotic

broad spectrum

. Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumor?

 

has both local and systemic effects

Which cancer and its marker are correctly paired?

prostate cancer: prostate specific antigen

Gram positive bacteria

stain purple and secrete exotoxins

The spreading of a neoplasm to a distant site through blood or lymphatic circulation is known as

metastasis

Bacteria with a rod shape are known as

bacilli

Which of the following types of surgeries utilizes corrosive paste/creams to remove the tumor?

chemosurgery

Treatment for cancers generally utilizes several different methods including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

True

Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to:

be effective in more phases of the cell cycle

The administration of a radioactive implant is commonly referred to as

brachytherapy

Which of the following is/are characteristics of a benign tumor?

 

contains differentiated cells, the tumor is encapsulated, and the cells are slow growing. (all of the above are correct)

The most common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy:

bone marrow suppression

Any disruption to the integrity of a surface barrier allowing infectious microorganisms to invade is known as

penetration

In the TNM classification of tumors, the N refers to

extent of lymph node involvement

A promotor is a(n)

factor that causes further changes in DNA and neoplastic progression

Which of the following are treatments for cancer?

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. (all the above)

A carrier that can transmit microorganisms from an animal reservoir to humans is known as a(n)

vector

A malignant tumor arising from bone tissue would be called a(n)

osteosarcoma

The process of providing a tumor with new blood vessels to increase blood supply to rapidly growing/dividing cells is known as

angiogenesis

The period of a disease in which symptoms first start to appear and are general in nature is known as the ____________ period.

prodromal

The transformation of normal cells into cancerous tumor cells

takes a long period of time

The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with

an irreversible change in the DNA of a cell

Which of the following best represents a malignant tumor?

a mass of cell with varying sizes, and nuclei with no defined borders

The period of disease progression where the infection has been contained and the pathogen is being eliminated from the body is known as

convalescence

The primary problem with paraneoplastic syndromes are that they

 

complicate cancer diagnoses

Tumor markers found circulating in the blood are

molecules secreted by tumors that are often found in circulation

Palliative treatment

is used to provide relief from signs and symptoms

How do antiviral drugs act?

reducing the rate of viral replication

The "CURE" for cancer is defined as

a 5 year survival without recurrence after treatment

The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass includes:

1. obstruction of a tube or duct

2. anemia and weight loss

3. cell necrosis and ulceration

4. tumor markers in the circulation

 

1,3

Which of the following provides the best description of an opportunistic microorganism?

a normally beneficial bacteria that lives on the surface of the skin and causes an infection if an open wound is present

Which of the following do eukaryotic cells possess that prokaryotic cells do not?

nuclei

What would be an external source of ionizing radiation?

gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine

Anti- angiogenesis drugs would act on a malignant tumor by

 

reduce blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells

The term nosocomical infection means:

infection acquired in a hospital or medical facility

Cardiac arrhythmias can result from?

both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

The following ABGs (pH-7.3 (normal 7.35-7.45), PCO2-36 (normal: 35-45mmgHg), HCO3 -14 (normal: 22-26mEq/L) are interpreted as:

uncompensated metabolic acidosis

Your sister is found unconscious and unresponsive on the ground of her bedroom. She is a known diabetic. Her breath is fruity, indicating ketones (keto-acids). What condition do you think resulted in her being unconscious?

 

metabolic acidosis

What are common early signs of aplastic anemia?

excessive bleeding and recurrent infections

A diagnostic test for aplastic anemia would be:

hypocellular bone marrow

The hormone responsible for the retention of salt is known as

aldosterone

The RBCs in thalassemia appear

hypochromic, microcytic

Aldosterone release causes?

sodium retention in the body

Firm subcutaneous tissue, dry rough mucous membranes and weakness with agitation could result from?

 

hypernatremia

A patient is recorded as having an elevated pCO2, an elevated HCO3, and suffering from an acidosis (pH = 7.3). From the information given above, what condition is the patient suffering from?

respiratory acidosis

What is the basic abnormality in sickle cell anemia?

a defective gene inherited from both parents that results in a change in shape of the RBC under oxygen deficit conditions

A carbon dioxide partial pressure of 55 mmHg (normal is 35-45 mmHg) would be most closely associated with a

respiratory acidosis

An increase in the hematocrit could result from:

Increased RBC in the blood, dehydration, vomiting and diarrhea. (all the above)

A diagnostic test for Pernicious anemia would be:

RBC appear large and nucleated

If a person is producing 10mEq of acid per day and suffers from metabolic acidosis, how would the respiratory system try to compensate?

by increasing the rate and depth of breathing

Burns, causing inflammation and increased capillary permeability would result in:

decreased osmotic pressure

Which of the following is typical of Hodgkin’s disease?

initial tumor is single, painless, enlarged lymph node, often cervical

Why do multiple opportunistic infections develop with acute leukemia?

many nonfunctional immature leukocytes

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma differs from Hodgkin’s lymphoma in that non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma usually presents as:

multiple, scattered, enlarged and painless lymph nodes

What describes the characteristic of erythrocyte associated with iron deficiency anemia?

hypochromic, microcytic