Kinesiology EXAM 3

Which three bones form the elbow joint complex?

Humerus, radius, and ulna.

What articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna?

The trochlea of the humerus.

What articulates with the radial head?

The capitulum of the humerus at the humeroradial joint.

Which two joints primarily make up the elbow joint?

Humeroulnar and humeroradial joints.

What movements occur at the elbow joint?

Flexion and extension.

What movements occur at the radioulnar joints?

Pronation and supination.

What type of joint is the humeroulnar joint?

Synovial hinge; diarthrotic and uniaxial.

What type of joint is the humeroradial joint?

Synovial joint; commonly described as participating in hinge-like elbow movement.

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

Synovial pivot; diarthrotic and uniaxial.

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

Synovial pivot; diarthrotic and uniaxial.

What type of joint is the middle radioulnar joint?

Fibrous syndesmosis; amphiarthrotic.

What structure connects the shafts of the radius and ulna?

The interosseous membrane, a fibrous syndesmosis.

What does the interosseous membrane do?

Helps absorb and transmit forces received by the hand.

What is the medial collateral ligament of the elbow also called?

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL).

What does the UCL provide?

Medial elbow support and resistance to valgus stress.

Which elbow ligament is commonly injured or torn?

The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL).

What is another name for the lateral collateral ligament?

Radial collateral ligament (RCL).

What does the radial collateral ligament do?

Provides lateral stability and resists varus stress.

What is the function of the quadrate ligament?

Maintains the radius-ulna articulation and tension during pronation and supination.

What does the annular ligament do?

Holds the radial head against the ulna while allowing rotation.

What is the function of elbow-complex ligaments overall?

Maintain the integrity and stability of the three joints.

Why must elbow-moving muscles cross the elbow joint?

To generate movement at the joint.

What is the olecranon bursa's function?

Reduces friction between the olecranon process and triceps tendon.

What do elbow joint fat pads contribute to?

Joint-cavity function, especially during movement.

Name the five main brachial muscles associated with elbow movement.

Biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and anconeus.

Which muscles are associated with forearm pronation and supination?

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus, supinator, and biceps brachii.

Where is the biceps brachii located, and how many heads does it have?

Anterior upper arm; long and short heads.

What are the main actions of the biceps brachii?

Elbow flexion and forearm supination.

What is the brachialis muscle's location?

Deep to the biceps brachii on the anterior upper arm.

What is the primary action of the brachialis?

Elbow flexion only.

Where is the brachioradialis located?

Lateral aspect of the forearm.

Why is the brachioradialis a strong elbow flexor?

Its insertion near the distal radius gives it effective leverage.

What is the brachioradialis sometimes called?

The hitchhiker muscle.

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

Long, medial, and lateral heads.

What is the primary action of the triceps brachii?

Elbow extension.

Where is the anconeus located?

Posterior aspect of the elbow; it is small and triangular.

How does the anconeus assist elbow movement?

Assists triceps with extension and pulls synovial membrane away from the olecranon.

Where is the pronator teres located?

Anterior elbow region, deep to the brachioradialis.

What are the actions of the pronator teres?

Forearm pronation and elbow flexion.

Where is the pronator quadratus located?

Deep on the anterior surface of the distal forearm.

What is the primary action of the pronator quadratus?

Forearm pronation.

What everyday action uses pronator quadratus?

Turning a screwdriver using forearm pronation.

Where is the supinator muscle located?

Deep in the proximal forearm, beneath nearby muscles.

What is the primary action of the supinator?

Forearm supination.

What everyday action uses the supinator?

Turning a screwdriver using forearm supination.

Which muscle flexes the elbow without producing forearm pronation or supination?

Brachialis.

Which two muscles are major forearm supinators?

Biceps brachii and supinator.

Which two muscles primarily pronate the forearm?

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus.

Which muscle is the main elbow extensor?

Triceps brachii.

What are the two primary joints of the wrist complex?

Radiocarpal and midcarpal joints.

What other joints are present in the wrist complex?

Intercarpal joints.

Which carpal bones articulate with the radius?

Scaphoid and lunate.

What is the radiocarpal joint type?

Synovial condyloid joint; diarthrotic and biaxial.

What is the midcarpal joint type?

Synovial condyloid joint; diarthrotic and biaxial.

What do the wrist ligaments help control?

Excessive wrist movement and joint stability.

What does the radial collateral ligament limit?

Wrist adduction.

What does the ulnar collateral ligament limit?

Wrist abduction.

What do the palmar radiocarpal and ulnocarpal ligaments limit?

Wrist extension.

What does the dorsal radiocarpal ligament limit?

Wrist flexion.

What is the wrist articular disc made of?

Fibrocartilage.

Where is the articular disc located?

Between the distal ulna and the proximal carpal row.

What is the shock-absorbing function of the articular disc?

Cushions the distal ulna against the triquetrum and lunate.

How does the articular disc support the distal radioulnar joint?

Helps stabilize it during pronation and supination.

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A horizontal fibrous band on the palmar wrist.

What does the flexor retinaculum do?

Holds the flexor tendons close to the wrist.

What is the extensor retinaculum?

A horizontal fibrous band on the dorsal wrist.

What does the extensor retinaculum do?

Holds the extensor tendons close to the wrist.

What movements are allowed at the wrist?

Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

What is wrist abduction also called?

Radial deviation.

What is wrist adduction also called?

Ulnar deviation.

Which direction is wrist flexion?

Bending the palm toward the anterior forearm.

Which direction is wrist extension?

Moving the back of the hand toward the posterior forearm.

Where do muscles producing wrist movement generally insert?

On the metacarpals; their tendons cross the wrist and carpal region.

What are the two divisions of the appendicular muscles?

Upper extremity and lower extremity.

What structures make up the pectoral girdle?

Scapula, clavicle, and sometimes the sternum.

What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?

Connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton while providing stability and mobility.

What allows the shoulder girdle a wide range of motion?

It lacks a posterior attachment to the axial skeleton.

What are the three shoulder girdle joints?

Sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and scapulothoracic.

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Synovial saddle joint; diarthrotic and functionally uniaxial.

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Synovial gliding (plane) joint; diarthrotic and functionally uniaxial.

What type of joint is the scapulothoracic joint?

A functional joint, not a true anatomical synovial joint.

What articulates at the glenohumeral (GH) joint?

The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

What type of joint is the GH joint?

Synovial ball-and-socket; diarthrotic and triaxial.

What is the most movable joint in the body?

The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

What are the six major clavicular/scapular movements?

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward rotation, and downward rotation.

What are the major GH joint movements?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal/external rotation, and horizontal abduction/adduction.

What is scapulohumeral rhythm?

Coordinated movement of the GH joint and shoulder girdle during arm movement.

How does scapular movement affect shoulder ROM?

Scapular movement increases the range of motion available to the humerus.

What does the interclavicular ligament limit?

Clavicular depression.

What does the costoclavicular ligament limit?

Clavicular elevation.

What does the sternoclavicular ligament do?

Reinforces the joint capsule; anterior and posterior portions limit corresponding clavicular translation.

What does the acromioclavicular ligament do?

Reinforces the acromioclavicular joint capsule.

What does the coracoclavicular ligament limit?

Posterior clavicular movement and scapular rotation, according to the notes.

What does the coracoacromial ligament prevent?

Superior displacement or dislocation of the humeral head.

What is the general function of the GH ligaments?

Thicken the anterior and inferior capsule and limit excessive joint translation and motion.

What does the superior GH ligament limit?

Inferior and anterior translation of the humeral head.

What does the middle GH ligament limit?

Anterior translation of the humeral head.

What does the inferior GH ligament limit?

Anterior-inferior and posterior-inferior translation of the humeral head.

What does the coracohumeral ligament limit?

Excessive flexion, lateral rotation, and superior translation.

What is the glenoid labrum?

A fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the glenoid fossa and improves joint congruity and stability.