Wk 2 Lower Limb

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

pectorial girdle

• clavicele (shoulder bone) & scapula (shoulder bone)

Pelvic girdle

• ilium ischium pubis

• sacrum coccyx

pelvic girdle

• pair of hip bone , connect lower limb to axial skeleton

• protect lower viscera - eg reproductive organs

• support body weight

gluteal region

iliac crest - thick, curved upper border of the ilium—the largest bone of the pelvis

Gluteal folds

Bony pelvis formed by

hip bone - ilium ischium pubis

sacrum coccyx

Joints

Femoral region

epicondyle - muscle attachment

Condyle - joint articulation

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Bony projection

• trochanter (greater lessor)

• Condyle

• epicondyle

Knee Region (8)

Ligament

• collateral

• cricuate

Cartilage

• meniscus ( c shaped)

• articular cartilage

tibial condyle

medial & lateral tibial condyle

tibia - bone

weight beating bone of lower knee - between knee and ankle

articulation area

Leg region (7)

tibia

fibula

intersseous membrane

medial malleolus → tibia ( body projection)

lateral malleolus → fibula ( body projection)

• inferior surface of tibia → form ankle joint talocrural joint

Ankle and foot (7)

Talus → ankle bone (big toe)

Calcaneus → heel bone

Navicular → boat shaped, support arch of foot

Cuneiform bone → medial intermediate lateral

Cuboid bone

Metatarsal → I II III IV V

Phalanx → distal middle proximal ( I II III IV V )

talocrural joint = Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Ankle and foot joint

• ankle joint talocrural joint - talus crural

  • hinge joint

  • dorsiflexion(^) plantarflexion (down)

• Subtalar joint - talus and calcaneus

  • plane joint

  • inversion eversion

Inversion induced injury

ankle sprain

foot turns inward to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)

and calcanefibular (CFL) ligament

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Eversion injury is much less frequent because the deltoid ligament (DL), medial to the ankle, is strong and resists eversion

Gluteal group muscles and movement

Gluteal maximus - hip extensor, hip lateral rotation

Gluteus medius - hip stabilizer (grabs onto ilium for stabilisation), hip abduction , hip medial rotation

Gluteus minimus - hip abduction , hip medial rotation

Deep lateral rotator group

piriforms

superior, inferior gemellus
Quadatus femoris

Obturator internus , Externus

→ lateral rotation

Gluteus maximus & deep lateral rotator goup

lateral rotator muscle group → deep to gluteus maximus at posterior gluteal region

Gluteus maximus → chief lateral rotator

Lateral rotator group → contracts, also rotate head of femur externally

anterior thigh muscles - Hip

iliacus, psoas major → ilipsoas → hip flexion

Tensor fascia lactae (TFL) → hip medial rotator

Pectineus → hip flexion, hip adduction

Sartorius → hip flexion, lateral rotation, ABDuction, knee flexion

Adductor group - medial thigh muscles

Adductor magnus brevis longus pectineus → hip adduction

• adductor magnus

  • hamstring part - hip extension (move back)

  • adductor part - hip flexion (move up and out)

Summary

Ilipsoas alone → hip flexion

Gluteus medius, minimus, TFL → main hip medial rotator

Gluteus maximus + deep lateral rotator group ( piriform + superior and inferior gemellus + quadratus femoris + obturator internus and externus ) → hip lateral rotation

Pectineus adducts with adductor + flex thigh with illiposias + assit in medial rotation with glut med min TFL

Quadriceps muscle

Quadriceps muscle - knee extension

• rectus femoris → hip flexion

• Vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis → knee extension

The hamstring group

• semitendious

• semimebraneous

• biceps femoris (femur- thigh)

Hamstring → primary knee flexor, work against quadriceps

Knee flexion

Hip extension

Summary

Quadriceps → main knee extensor

Rectus femoris → only quadricpes muscle that allow both Knee extension & Hip flexion

Hamstring → main knee flexor

movement of the toes and foot

Compartment in lower leg (4)

Compartment in lower leg → anterior compartment

• inversion

• dorsiflexion

EDL → 4 toes

EHL → big toe

Compartment in lower leg → lateral compartment

• plantar flexion

• foot eversion

  

Compartment in lower leg → Deep posterior compartment

Plantar flexion ( flexor - curls toe) - move down

Inversion

• low leg stbilizer, support meidial arch

Compartment in lower leg → superficial posterior compartment

Action of foot contributed by lower leg muscles

nerve - no need