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Pre-encounter
Race is not salient, or is viewed negatively.
Encounter
An event challenges the old view of race.
Immersion-emersion
Deep engagement with Black culture and history.
Internalization
A secure, confident Black identity.
Commitment
Identity translates into lasting action.
1991 revision
Many healthy end points: Afrocentric, bicultural, or multicultural identities.
2001 expansion
Stages became attitudes, measured with the Cross Racial Identity Scale.